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DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0288253

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DOI： 10.3758/s13414-023-02675-8

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13414-023-02675-8/fulltext.html

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In this study, it was investigated whether an emotional response would occur in pupil contagion by using skin conductance response (SCR) in 5- and 6-month-old infants. In the experiment, emotional responses to pupil diameter change (dilating/constricting) between the face and eyes regions were compared by using pupil diameter response and SCR. The results showed that pupil diameter responses to pupil diameter changes did not differ between face and eyes regions. The emotional response indicated by the SCR significantly increased when participants looked at dilating pupils of face stimuli compared with when participants looked at constricted pupils of face stimuli. In addition, we found a significant correlation between SCR and pupil dilation in the face. This means that pupil diameter expansion significantly increases emotional response in pupil dilation of the face region.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105801

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-022-06428-1

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Other Link： https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00221-022-06428-1/fulltext.html

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This study examined whether 8-month-old infants' hemodynamic responses in the temporal region were modulated by repeated presentation of "Peekaboo" by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Previous studies have shown that infants' temporal region responds to faces (e.g., Otsuka et al., 2007). A recent electroencephalography study showed that the neural activity of infants was modulated by repeated presentation of "Peekaboo." Some fNIRS studies also revealed that the movie of "Peekaboo" activated the hemodynamic response of the temporal region in infancy. However, no studies have shown the hemodynamic modulation of the temporal region according to the repeated presentation of "Peekaboo" in infants. In order to examine whether the hemodynamic responses of the temporal region were modulated by repeated presentation of "Peekaboo," we compared the activity of the temporal region between the early and late trials. We set long and short delays before face-presentation. The results showed that the concentration of oxy-hemoglobin in the right occipitotemporal region (Ch 21) in both conditions increased after the presentation of "Peekaboo" relative to the baseline. Moreover, in the long delay condition, the hemodynamic modulation of the right occipitotemporal region was induced according to the repeated presentation of "Peekaboo" in infants.

DOI： 10.3389/fnhum.2022.821539

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In this study, to investigate whether infants showed face-specific brain activity to a cartoon human face, we conducted a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiment and a behavioral experiment. In the fNIRS experiment, we measured the hemodynamic responses of 5- and 6-month-old infants to cartoon female and cartoon character faces using fNIRS. The results showed that the concentration of oxy-Hb increased for cartoon female faces but not for cartoon character faces. This indicates that face-specific brain activity occurred for cartoon female faces but not cartoon character faces, despite the fact that both are faces. In the behavioral experiment, we examined whether the 5- and 6-month-old infants preferred cartoon female faces to cartoon character faces in the upright and inverted conditions. The results showed a preference for cartoon female faces in the upright but not in the inverted condition. This indicates that 5- and 6-month-old infants can perceive cartoon female faces, but not cartoon character faces, as faces. The results of the two experiments indicated that face-specific brain activity occurred for cartoon female faces. This indicates that infants can perceive cartoon female faces as faces.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0262679

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104749

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This study investigated the difference in the McGurk effect between own-race-face and other-race-face stimuli among Japanese infants from 5 to 9 months of age. The McGurk effect results from infants using information from a speaker's face in audiovisual speech integration. We hypothesized that the McGurk effect varies with the speaker's race because of the other-race effect, which indicates an advantage for own-race faces in our face processing system. Experiment 1 demonstrated the other-race effect on audiovisual speech integration such that the infants ages 5-6 months and 8-9 months are likely to perceive the McGurk effect when observing an own-race-face speaker, but not when observing an other-race-face speaker. Experiment 2 found the other-race effect on audiovisual speech integration regardless of irrelevant speech identity cues. Experiment 3 confirmed the infants' ability to differentiate two auditory syllables. These results showed that infants are likely to integrate voice with an own-race-face, but not with an other-race-face. This implies the role of experiences with own-race-faces in the development of audiovisual speech integration. Our findings also contribute to the discussion of whether perceptual narrowing is a modality-general, pan-sensory process.

DOI： 10.3758/s13414-021-02342-w

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118598

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)  

DOI： 10.1167/jov.20.8.5

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Frontiers Media SA  

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00971

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Significance: It has been reported that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impairment in the recognition of angry but not of happy facial expressions, and they show atypical cortical activation patterns in response to facial expressions. However, little is known about neural mechanisms underlying the impaired recognition of facial expressions in school-aged children with ADHD and the effects of acute medication on their processing of facial expressions. Aim: We aimed to investigate the possibility that acute administration of methylphenidate (MPH) affects processing of facial expressions in ADHD children. Approach: We measured the hemodynamic changes in the bilateral temporo-occipital areas of ADHD children observing the happy and angry facial expressions before and 1.5 h after MPH or placebo administration in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design study. Results: We found that, regardless of medication, happy expressions induced increased oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) responses in the right inferior occipital region but not in the superior temporal region. For angry expressions, oxy-Hb responses increased after MPH administration, but not after placebo administration, in the left inferior occipital area, whereas there was no significant activation before MPH administration. Conclusions: Our results suggest that (1) ADHD children consistently recruit the right inferior occipital regions to process happy expressions and (2) MPH administration to ADHD children enhances cortical activation in the left inferior occipital regions when they process angry expressions.

DOI： 10.1117/1.NPh.7.2.025003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1002/dev.21972

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Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/dev.21972

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Little is known about the time of development of binocular suppression. In the present study, we evaluated the emergence of binocular suppression in infants by using continuous flash suppression (CFS, Tsuchiya and Koch, 2005). In our experiment, one eye of infants was presented with a static face image at one side of the screen, while another eye was presented with dynamic Mondrian patterns in full screen. Adult observers confirmed that the static face image was consciously repressed by the changing Mondrian patterns. If binocular suppression was functional, the infants would not perceive the face and thus would not show any preference in the experiment. However, if binocular suppression in the infants was not yet acquired, they would perceive the face and the Mondrian patterns at the same time and would thus show preference for the side where the face was presented. The results showed that infants aged 2-3 months, but not those aged 4-5 months, detected the position of the face. Furthermore, this detection was not due to weak contrast sensitivity to the dynamic Mondrian mask. These results indicated that the immature binocular visual system may perceive different images from different eyes simultaneously and that infants may lose this ability after establishing binocular suppression at 4-5 months of age.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558871

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.05.005

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.83.0_is-007

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DOI： 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.044

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DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-49917-0

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DOI： 10.1038/s41598-019-47129-0

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DOI： 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.031

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Background: School-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties in interpersonal relationships, in addition to impaired facial expression perception and recognition. For successful social interactions, the ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar faces is critical. However, there are no published reports on the recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces by children with ADHD. Methods: We evaluated the neural correlates of familiar and unfamiliar facial recognition in children with ADHD compared to typically developing (TD) children. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure hemodynamic responses on the bilateral temporal regions while participants looked at photographs of familiar and unfamiliar faces. Nine boys with ADHD and 14 age-matched TD boys participated in the study. fNIRS data were Z-scored prior to analysis. Results: During familiar face processing, TD children only showed significant activity in the late phase, while ADHD children showed significant activity in both the early and late phases. Additionally, the boys with ADHD did not show right hemispheric lateralization to familiar faces. Conclusions: This study is the first to assess brain activity during familiar face processing in boys with ADHD using fNIRS. These findings of atypical patterns of brain activity in boys with ADHD may be related to social cognitive impairments from ADHD.

DOI： 10.1186/s13030-019-0172-1

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DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01553

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nature Publishing Group  

Infants less than 1 year old are known to preferentially look at pictures of motion illusion induced by luminance gradation. However, the mechanisms underlying infant's perception of motion illusion remain unclear. The current study analyzed the eye movement patterns of infants perceiving a motion illusion induced by stationary luminance gradations (a derivative of the Fraser-Wilcox illusion). Infants produced the same movement patterns that increase the magnitude of illusory motion in adults. We conclude that infants and adults similarly perceive motion illusion.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-018-20865-5

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Nature Publishing Group  

The human perceptual system enables us to extract visual properties of an object's material from auditory information. In monkeys, the neural basis underlying such multisensory association develops through experience of exposure to a material
material information could be processed in the posterior inferior temporal cortex, progressively from the high-order visual areas. In humans, however, the development of this neural representation remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated for the first time the presence of a mapping of the auditory material property with visual material ("Metal" and "Wood") in the right temporal region in preverbal 4- to 8-month-old infants, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Furthermore, we found that infants acquired the audio-visual mapping for a property of the "Metal" material later than for the "Wood" material, since infants form the visual property of "Metal" material after approximately 6 months of age. These findings indicate that multisensory processing of material information induces the activation of brain areas related to sound symbolism. Our findings also indicate that the material's familiarity might facilitate the development of multisensory processing during the first year of life.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-018-27153-2

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DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0203541

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

We examined whether infants aged 6–8 months show object-based attention using the preferential looking method. In object-based attention, which is a prerequisite function for efficient real-world processing of various stimuli, a target that appears at a cued object is detected and processed faster than a target appearing at an uncued object. We presented 6- to 8-month-old infants with the visual stimuli consisting of two white vertical rectangles side by side, in which a target appearing at 1) the cued location, 2) the end opposite to the cued location, and 3) another rectangle's end following the cue, using an established paradigm, and measured each infant's first saccade to the target. We found that (1) infants of all ages could make the first saccade to the target appearing at the cued location, (2) only 8-month-old infants made the first saccade to the target appearing at the opposite end to the cued location more accurately than to the target appearing at the other rectangle's end. These results indicate that object-based attention might be acquired around 8 months compared with the spatial cueing effect that appears at around 6 months. Our findings suggest that the objects play a role in visual attention in 8-month-old infants.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.05.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OMICS Publishing Group  

DOI： 10.4172/neuropsychiatry.1000418

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

In this study, we created composite faces using mothers’ faces to examine holistic face processing in infants aged 5–8 months. The composite-face effect occurred only in infants aged 7–8 months, suggesting that infants older than 7 months are able to process familiar faces holistically.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.01.007

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Blackwell Publishing Ltd  

Recent data showed that, in Caucasian infants, perceptual narrowing occurs for own-race adult faces between 3 and 9 months of age, possibly as a consequence of the extensive amount of social and perceptual experience accumulated with caregivers and/or other adult individuals of the same race of the caregiver. The neural correlates of this developmental process remain unexplored, and it is currently unknown whether perceptual tuning towards adult faces can be extended to other cultures. To this end, in the current study we tested the ability of 3- and 9-month-old Japanese infants to discriminate among adult and infant Asian faces in a visual familiarization task (Experiment 1), and compared 9-month-olds’ cerebral hemodynamic responses to adult and infant faces as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Experiment 2). Results showed that 3-month-olds exhibit above-chance discrimination of adult and infant faces, whereas 9-month-olds discriminate adult faces but not infant faces (Experiment 1). Moreover, adult faces, but not infant faces, induced significant increases in hemodynamic responses in the right temporal areas of 9-month-old infants. Overall, our data suggest that perceptual narrowing towards adult faces is a cross-cultural phenomenon occurring between 3 and 9 months of age, and translates by 9 months of age into a right-hemispheric specialization in the processing of adult faces.

DOI： 10.1111/desc.12498

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

A radially expanding flow with a linear positive speed gradient is perceived as a rigid object approaching the observer, whereas such a flow having no or a reduced speed gradient is perceived as a non-rigid, two-dimensionally deforming object (De Bruyn & Orban, 1990). We tested elementary school-aged children (younger children, 6-9years, and older children, 9-11years) and adults (20-22years) to examine the development of the perception of rigidity. The results suggest that the perception of rigidity in response to a radial flow pattern with a speed gradient is similar in older (but not younger) children and adults. The development of rigidity perception from a radial flow pattern may be related to the maturation of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways during the elementary school years. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/icd.1989

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When humans perceive the lightness of an object's surface in shadows there is an implicit assumption that cast shadows dim the surface. In two experiments, we investigated whether 5- to 8-month-old infants make this assumption about shadows. According to this shadow assumption, the apparent change in lightness produced by shadows on an object's surface are attributed to blocked light sources. If infants can use the shadow assumption to perceive the object's lightness in shadows, they will also be able to detect unnatural lightness changes in shadows. We compared the infants' looking times to the unnatural and the natural lightness changes in the shadow when an object (duck) goes through the cast shadow. In Experiment 1, we examined whether infants could detect the unnatural lightness changes of the object's surface in shadows. We created computer-graphic movies of unnatural and natural lightness changes to the duck's surface. Our results showed that 7- to 8-month-olds but not 5- to 6-month-olds significantly preferred the movie with the unnatural changes in lightness, indicating that only the older infants could detect these changes. In Experiment 2, we confirmed that the infants' preference was based on the detection of unnatural lightness changes according to the shadow assumption. The natural and the unnatural lightness changes of Experiment 1 were presented without cast shadows. Under these conditions, neither younger nor older infants showed a significant preference. Taken together, the experiments showed that 7- to 8-month-old infants could detect the unnaturalness of a surface's lightness changes produced by shadows. In conclusion, our findings suggest that 7- to 8-month-old infants can perceive an object's lightness in shadows by using an assumption that cast shadows dim the surface of an object.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0173591

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychonomic Society  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.36.10

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Language：English   Publisher：CELL PRESS  

DOI： 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.072

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Shadows are powerful cues in the perception of shapes. We can perceive shading and cast shadow implicitly. We investigated infants' ability to detect a single discrepant figure that was depicted by shading or cast shadow and examined the influence of the contrast polarity of shadows on this process. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the blur direction of a shadow to create stimuli that appeared either to be partially shaded or to cast a shadow and then used a preference to test whether this difference would allow 5- to 8-month-old infants to discriminate the figures that adults were able to perceive as different shapes. Only 7- to-8-month-old infants could differentiate one shading figure from cast shadow figures, and vice versa. In Experiment 2, we reversed the contrast polarity of the figure (dark object with a light shadow) and tested whether discrimination was affected. As has been found with adults, infants exposed to this condition were unable to discriminate the contrast-reversed shading and cast shadow figures. Our results suggested that an age of around 7 months is important for development of the ability to perceive shape differences from shading and cast shadows.

DOI： 10.3758/s13414-016-1114-7

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Institute of Electronics Information Communication Engineers  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATL ACAD SCIENCES  

Perceptual color space is continuous; however, we tend to divide it into only a small number of categories. It is unclear whether categorical color perception is obtained solely through the development of the visual system or whether it is affected by language acquisition. To address this issue, we recruited prelinguistic infants (5- to 7-mo-olds) to measure changes in brain activity in relation to categorical color differences by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We presented two sets of geometric figures to infants: One set altered in color between green and blue, and the other set altered between two different shades of green. We found a significant increase in hemodynamic responses during the between-category alternations, but not during the within-category alternations. These differences in hemodynamic response based on categorical relationship were observed only in the bilateral occipitotemporal regions, and not in the occipital region. We confirmed that categorical color differences yield behavioral differences in infants. We also observed comparable hemodynamic responses to categorical color differences in adults. The present study provided the first evidence, to our knowledge, that colors of different categories are represented differently in the visual cortex of prelinguistic infants, which implies that color categories may develop independently before language acquisition.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.1512044113

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC  

The current study examined infants' sensitivity to Wollaston's effect: When identical eyes are placed in differently angled faces, the perceived gaze direction shifts toward the orientation of the face such that physically, the direct gaze is perceived as averted toward the orientation of the face. Consistent with Wollaston's effect, we found that looking toward direct and averted gaze by 4- to 5- and 7- to 8-month-olds (n = 40) was affected by the head orientation context. These results demonstrate that infants aged 4 to 5 and 7 to 8 months integrate eye and head information to perceive another's gaze direction. In light of recent psychophysical findings, the current results suggest that the visual function supporting constant gaze perception across head rotation is already at work by 4 to 5 months of age.

DOI： 10.1167/16.3.4

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychonomic Society  

In this study, we investigated the influence of visual information on the food preference of toddlers. Forty 2- to 3-year-old toddlers participated in two tasks: a naming task and a preference task. We prepared photographs of vegetables and fruits and then made line drawings of the photographs. We selected high and low familiarity foods based on wholesale quantity orders for the last six years. At first, we presented the high and low familiarity food images side by side. Participants were asked to choose a favorite one and say the name of the food. Results showed that the effect of the naming task on preference was different between vegetables and fruits. The visual information of color and texture might be important factors for a food's visual preference.

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.34.33

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CELL PRESS  

Our visual system can easily estimate the constant color and material of external objects despite dynamic changes in the retinal image across viewpoints and illuminations in natural scenes. It is commonly believed that this high-level visual function, called "perceptual constancy,'' is acquired through postnatal learning [1], building upon low-level functions that have developed earlier, such as image discrimination. However, we demonstrate here that before developing perceptual constancy, 3- to 4-month-old infants have a striking ability to discriminate slight image changes due to illumination that are not salient for adults. These young infants lose this ability after 5 months of age and then develop an ability to perceive distal surface properties (glossy or matte) at 7-8 months of age. Moreover, we identify the transition period between these two functions at 5-6 months of age, wherein infants show difficulty in both image and surface discrimination. These findings support the notion that acquiring perceptual constancy leads to a loss of sensitivity to variant information, which is negligible for constant surface material perception. We suggest that the immature visual system may initially directly access local image features and then develops a complementary constant neural representation of the properties of an object.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.053

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Orienting visual attention allows us to properly select relevant visual information from a noisy environment. Despite extensive investigation of the orienting of visual attention in infancy, it is unknown whether and how stimulus characteristics modulate the deployment of attention from birth to 4 months of age, a period in which the efficiency in orienting of attention improves dramatically. The aim of the present study was to compare 4-month-old infants' and newborns' ability to orient attention from central to peripheral stimuli that have the same or different attributes. In Experiment 1, all the stimuli were dynamic and the only attribute of the central and peripheral stimuli to be manipulated was face orientation. In Experiment 2, both face orientation and motion of the central and peripheral stimuli were contrasted. The number of valid trials and saccadic latency were measured at both ages. Our results demonstrated that the deployment of attention is mainly influenced by motion at birth, while it is also influenced by face orientation at 4-month of age. These findings provide insight into the development of the orienting visual attention in the first few months of life and suggest that maturation may be not the only factor that determines the developmental change in orienting visual attention from birth to 4 months.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0136965

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There have been no reports concerning the self-face perception in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). The purpose of this study was to compare the neuronal correlates of viewing self-face images (i.e. images of familiar face) and stranger-face images (i.e. images of an unfamiliar face) in female adolescents with and without AN. We used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure hemodynamic responses while the participants viewed full-color photographs of self-face and stranger-face. Fifteen females with AN (mean age, 13.8 years) and 15 age- and intelligence quotient (IQ)-matched female controls without AN (mean age, 13.1 years) participated in the study. The responses to photographs were compared with the baseline activation (response to white uniform blank). In the AN group, the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) significantly increased in the right temporal area during the presentation of both the self-face and stranger-face images compared with the baseline level. In contrast, in the control group, the concentration of oxy-Hb significantly increased in the right temporal area only during the presentation of the self-face image. To our knowledge the present study is the first report to assess brain activities during self-face and stranger-face perception among female adolescents with AN. There were different patterns of brain activation in response to the sight of the self-face and stranger-face images in female adolescents with AN and controls.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0132050

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC  

Whereas early visual processing has been considered primarily retinotopic, recent studies have revealed significant contributions of nonretinotopic processing to the human perception of fundamental visual features. For adult vision, it has been shown that information about color, shape, and size is nonretinotipically integrated along the motion trajectory, which could bring about clear and unblurred perception of a moving object. Since this nonretinotopic processing presumably includes tight and elaborated cooperation among functional cortical modules for different visual attributes, how this processing matures in the course of brain development is an important unexplored question. Here we show that the nonretinotopic integration of color signals is fully developed in infants at five months of age. Using preferential looking, we found significantly better temporal segregation of colors for moving patterns than for flickering patterns, even when the retinal color alternation rate was the same. This effect could be ascribed to the integration of color signals along a motion trajectory. Furthermore, the infants' color segmentation performance was comparable to that of human adults. Given that both the motion processing and color vision of 5-month-old infants are still under development, our findings suggest that nonretinotopic color processing develops concurrently with basic color and motion processing. Our findings not only support the notion of an early presence of cross-modal interactions in the brain, but also indicate the early development of a purposive cross-module interaction for elegant visual computation.

DOI： 10.1167/15.1.25

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

A cast shadow occurs when an object blocks the light from an illumination and projects a dark region onto a surface. Previous studies have reported that adults are slower to identify an object when the object has an incongruent cast shadow than when it has a congruent cast shadow (Castiello, 2001). Here, we used the familiarization-novelty preference procedure to examine whether 5- to 8-month-old infants could detect the relationship between object shapes and cast shadows. In Experiment 1, we examined the infants' ability to detect incongruency between objects and cast shadows. Results showed that 7- to 8-month olds could detect incongruence between the object shapes and the cast shadows, whereas 5- to 6-month olds did not. Yet, our control experiment showed that infants could not detect this incongruence from stimuli in which a white outline had been added to the original cast shadow to decrease the possibility of it being perceived as a cast shadow (Experiment 2). The results of these experiments demonstrate that 7- to 8-month olds responded to the congruence of cast shadows and to consistent contrast polarity between the cast shadow and its background.

DOI： 10.1068/i0681

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

To examine sensitivity to pictorial depth cues in young infants (4 and 5 months-of-age), we compared monocular and binocular preferential looking to a display on which two faces were equidistantly presented and one was larger than the other, depicting depth from the size of human faces. Because human faces vary little in size, the correlation between retinal size and distance can provide depth information. As a result, adults perceive a larger face as closer than a smaller one. Although binocular information for depth provided information that the faces in our display were equidistant, under monocular viewing, no such information was provided. Rather, the size of the faces indicated that one was closer than the other. Infants are known to look longer at apparently closer objects. Therefore, we hypothesized that infants would look longer at a larger face in the monocular than in the binocular condition if they perceived depth from the size of human faces. Because the displays were identical in the two conditions, any difference in looking-behavior between monocular and binocular viewing indicated sensitivity to depth information. Results showed that 5-month-old infants preferred the larger, apparently closer, face in the monocular condition compared to the binocular condition when static displays were presented. In addition, when presented with a dynamic display, 4-month-old infants showed a stronger 'closer' preference in the monocular condition compared to the binocular condition. This was not the case when the faces were inverted. These results suggest that even 4-month-old infants respond to depth information from a depth cue that may require learning, the size of faces. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.07.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Infants' ability to recognize uncanny human faces increases during the first year of life. In turn, their ability to recognize faces of other species declines at almost the same period (perceptual narrowing). In the current study, we aimed to clarify the relationship between the perception of uncanniness of faces and perceptual narrowing in infants and adults. We used the "uncanny valley task," in which the participants were required to discriminate the faces of humans and monkeys by different eye size. Results showed that 3- to 5-month-old infants could not discriminate either monkey or human faces by eye size, whereas 6- to 8-month olds could. Adults showed higher discrimination performance for human than monkey faces and perceived the human faces with extremely large or small eyes as exceedingly eerie. Our results suggest that perception of uncanniness of faces is formed after perceptual narrowing.

DOI： 10.1111/jpr.12057

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulty recognizing facial expressions. They identify angry expressions less accurately than typically developing (TD) children, yet little is known about their atypical neural basis for the recognition of facial expressions. Here, we used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to examine the distinctive cerebral hemodynamics of ADHD and TD children while they viewed happy and angry expressions. We measured the hemodynamic responses of 13 ADHD boys and 13 TD boys to happy and angry expressions at their bilateral temporal areas, which are sensitive to face processing. The ADHD children showed an increased concentration of oxy-Hb for happy faces but not for angry faces, while TD children showed increased oxy-Hb for both faces. Moreover, the individual peak latency of hemodynamic response in the right temporal area showed significantly greater variance in the ADHD group than in the TD group. Such atypical brain activity observed in ADHD boys may relate to their preserved ability to recognize a happy expression and their difficulty recognizing an angry expression. We firstly demonstrated that NIRS can be used to detect atypical hemodynamic response to facial expressions in ADHD children. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS MEDIA SA  

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in psychiatric studies has widely demonstrated that cerebral hemodynamics differs among psychiatric patients. Recently we found that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) showed different hemodynamic responses to their own mother's face. Based on this finding, we may be able to classify the hemodynamic data into two those groups and predict to which diagnostic group an unknown participant belongs. In the present study, we proposed a novel statistical method for classifying the hemodynamic data of these two groups. By applying a support vector machine (SVM), we searched the combination of measurement channels at which the hemodynamic response differed between the ADHD and the ASD children. The SVM found the optimal subset of channels in each data set and successfully classified the ADHD data from the ASD data. For the 24-dimensional hemodynamic data, two optimal subsets classified the hemodynamic data with 84% classification accuracy, while the subset contained all 24 channels classified with 62% classification accuracy. These results indicate the potential application of our novel method for classifying the hemodynamic data into two groups and revealing the combinations of channels that efficiently differentiate the two groups.

DOI： 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00480

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

We aimed to verify painters' empirical rules in painting portraits from the perspective of face perception. In particular, we examined the effects of lighting on perceiving impressions and facial expressions of a depicted person by using portrait paintings with various lighting conditions of contrast (high, low) and position (left, right). Viewers rated their impressions of the people in the portraits and those people's expressions using 7-point scales. Impressions regarding likability or attractiveness were stable regardless of the lighting conditions, while the other impressions differed among the lighting conditions. Positive emotions were perceived more strongly in paintings with low contrast, whereas negative emotions were perceived more strongly in paintings with high contrast. Overall, these results suggest that lighting has a systematic effect on face perception even in portrait paintings. We propose that the current study provides empirical evidence of painters' implicit knowledge.

DOI： 10.1111/jpr.12053

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC  

The current study examined the temporal dynamics of coarse and fine spatial information processing in 7- to 8-month-old infants. The ability to discriminate between spatially filtered images was assessed by measuring infants' spontaneous preference for a changing over no-changing image sequences. In Experiments 1 and 2, we found that infants were able to discriminate between low spatial frequency (LSF) image sequences at shorter durations (150 ms) than was the case with high spatial frequency (HSF) images (300 ms). When the LSF and HSF changes were pitted against each other in hybrid images containing both spatial frequencies (Experiment 3), the 7- to 8-month-old infants showed a preference for the LSF change across all tested durations (150 ms to 600 ms). However, infants' processing of hybrid image sequences was modulated both by changes in the relative contrast energy between LSFs and HSFs (Experiment 4), and image duration (Experiment 5). Finally, we found that in 12- to 13-month-old infants, the shift toward HSF dominance occurred at shorter duration than in 7- to 8-month-old infants (Experiment 6). Our findings are among the first to provide a temporal characterization of coarse-to-fine processing in infants' perception. Possible links to the development of specialized visual pathways are discussed.

DOI： 10.1037/a0035440

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), our previous neural adaptation studies found that infants' bilateral temporal regions process facial identity (FiHN 5:153, 2011). In addition, we revealed that size-invariant processing of facial identity develops by 5 months of age (NR 23:984-988, 2012), while view-invariant processing develops around 7 months of age (FiHN 5:153, 2011). The aim in the current study was to examine whether infants' brains process facial identity across the non-rigid transformation of facial features by using the neural adaptation paradigm. We used NIRS to compare hemodynamic changes in the bilateral temporal areas of 5- to 6-month-olds and 7- to 8-month-olds during presentations of an identical face and of different faces.
Results: We found that (1) the oxyhemoglobin concentration around the T5 and T6 positions increased significantly during the presentation of different faces only in 7- to 8-month-olds and (2) 7- to 8-month-olds, but not 5- to 6-month-olds, showed attenuation in these channels to the presentation of the same face rather than to the presentation of different faces, regardless of non-rigid changes in facial features.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that the processing of facial identity with non-rigid facial transformation develops around 7 months after birth.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2202-15-81

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

We examined whether the homogeneity of the two profiles of Rubin's goblet affects figure/ground perception in infants. We modified the two profiles of Rubin's goblet in order to compare figure/ground perception under four test patterns: (1) two profiles painted with horizontal lines (horizontal-line condition), (2) two profiles painted middle gray (uni-color condition), (3) one profile painted light gray and the other dark gray (two-color condition), and (4) a goblet painted with concentric circles (concentric-circles condition). In the horizontal-line condition the homogeneity of the profile was strengthened, and in the two-color condition the homogeneity of the profile was weakened compared to the uni-color condition, which was an original Rubin's goblet. In the concentric-circles condition the homogeneity of the reversed areas of the horizontal-line were strengthened. After infants were familiarized with each Rubin's goblet, the infants were tested on their discrimination between the two profiles and the goblet in the post-familiarization test. In horizontal-line condition, uni-color condition and concentric-circles condition infants showed a novelty preference for the two profiles in the post-familiarization test. On the other hand, in the two-color condition no preference was observed in the post-familiarization test. This means that infants perceived the goblet as figure and the two profiles as ground in the horizontal-line condition, the uni-color condition and the concentric-circles condition. We found that infants could not perceive the goblet area as figure when the homogeneity of the two profiles was weakened. It can be said that figure/ground perception in infancy is not affected by strengthened homogeneity, but is affected by weakened homogeneity. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.12.012

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

The aim of the current study is to reveal the effect of global linear transformations (shearing, horizontal stretching, and vertical stretching) on the recognition of familiar faces (e.g., a mother's face) in 6- to 7-month-old infants. In this experiment, we applied the global linear transformations to both the infants' own mother's face and to a stranger's face, and we tested infants' preference between these faces. We found that only 7-month-old infants maintained preference for their own mother's face during the presentation of vertical stretching, while the preference for the mother's face disappeared during the presentation of shearing or horizontal stretching. These findings suggest that 7-month-old infants might not recognize faces based on calculating the absolute distance between facial features, and that the vertical dimension of facial features might be more related to infants' face recognition rather than the horizontal dimension. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.10.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Infants' recognition of facial expressions develops during postnatal life. Previous studies have showed that infants learned to discriminate the facial expression of basic emotions such as happy or angry expressions by approximately 7 months of age. Although infants' recognition of intense expressions has been demonstrated, their recognition of subtle expressions is unclear. The present study examined whether 6- to 7-month-old infants recognize the subtle anger expression. We presented the subtle expressions either as static or as dynamic displays. In static presentations, infants recognized the subtle anger expression. This result suggests that the infants have high sensitivity to angry expressions which signal a dangerous situation. In dynamic presentations, infants did not recognize the subtle anger expression. Infants around this age rarely see the dynamic anger expression in their daily lives. Their limited experience with dynamic expressions of anger might make it hard to recognize a dynamic subtle expression. Infants could learn to utilize facial motions in the development of recognition of facial expressions.

DOI： 10.1111/jpr.12025

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

To examine young infants' sensitivity to a pictorial depth cue, we compared monocular and binocular preferential looking to objects of which depth was specified by height-in-the-picture-plane. For adults, this cue generates the perception that a lower object is closer than a higher object. This study showed that 4-and 5-month-old infants fixated the lower, apparently closer, figure more often under the monocular than binocular presentation providing evidence of their sensitivity to the pictorial depth cue. Because the displays were identical in the two conditions except for binocular information for depth, the difference in looking-behavior indicated sensitivity to depth information, excluding a possibility that they responded to 2D characteristics. This study also confirmed the usefulness of the method, preferential looking with a monocular and binocular comparison, to examine sensitivity to a pictorial depth cue in young infants, who are too immature to reach reliably for the closer of two objects. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 109-116, 2014.

DOI： 10.1002/dev.21097

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

DOI： 10.1111/jpr.12037

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD  

Facial movement facilitates the recognition of facial expressions. While an intense expression is expressive enough to be recognized in a still image, a subtle expression can be recognized only in motion (Ambadar, Schooler, & Cohn, 2005, Psychological Science, 16, 403-410). The present study investigated whether infants recognize a subtle expression, and whether facial movement facilitates infants' recognition of a subtle expression. In experiment 1 4- to 7-month-old infants were tested for their spontaneous preference for a happy subtle expression rather than a neutral face, but they did not show a spontaneous preference. To confirm that infants did not recognize the static subtle expression, we conducted experiment 2 using the familiarization novelty procedure. Infants were first familiarized with a static subtle happy expression. Following familiarization, they were presented with a pair of peak expressions of happiness and anger, but showed no significant novelty preference. In experiment 3 we presented the subtle expression dynamically. Infants were familiarized with a dynamic subtle expression and were tested for their novelty preference. The 6- to 7-month-olds showed a significant novelty preference, while 4- to 5-month-olds did not. These results suggest that infants can recognize the subtle expression only in dynamic presentation and that facial movement facilitates infants' recognition of facial expression.

DOI： 10.1068/p7595

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC  

This study examined infants' visual perception of three-dimensional common objects. It has been reported that human adults perceive object images in a view-dependent manner: three-quarter views are often preferred to other views, and the sensitivity to object orientation is lower for three-quarter views than for other views. We tested whether such characteristics were observed in 6- to 8-month-old infants by measuring their preferential looking behavior. In Experiment 1 we examined 190-to 240-day-olds' sensitivity to orientation change and in Experiment 2 we examined these infants' preferential looking for the three-quarter view. The 240day-old infants showed a pattern of results similar to adults for some objects, while the 190-day-old infants did not. The 240-day-old infants' perception of object view is (partly) similar to that of adults. These results suggest that human visual perception of three-dimensional objects develops at 6 to 8 months of age.

DOI： 10.1167/14.4.5

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DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.05.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Human can easily detect other's eyes and gaze from early in life. Such sensitivity is supported by the contrast polarity of human eyes, which have a white sclera contrasting with the darker colored iris (Kobayashi & Kohshima, (1997). Nature, 387, 767-768; Kobayashi & Kohshima, (2001). Journal of Human Evolution, 40, 419-435). Recent studies suggest that the contrast polarity around the eyes plays an important role in infants' face processing. Newborns preferred upright face images to inverted ones in contrast-preserved faces, but not in contrast-reversed faces (Farroni et al., (2005). Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, p. 17245-17250). Seven-to 8-month-old infants failed to discriminate between faces when the contrast polarity of eyes was reversed (Otsuka et al., (2013). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 115, 598-606). Neuroimaging study with adults revealed that full-negative faces induced less activation in the right fusiform gyrus than either full-positive faces or negative faces with contrast-preserved eyes (Gilad et al., (2009). Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, p. 5353-5358). In the present study, we investigated whether contrast-reversed eyes diminish infants' brain activity related to face processing. We measured hemodynamic responses in the bilateral temporal area of 5-to 6-month-old infants. Their hemodynamic responses to faces with positive eyes and those with negative eyes were compared against the baseline activation during the presentation of object images. We found that the presentation of faces with positive eyes increased the concentration of oxy-Hb in the right temporal area and those of total-Hb in the bilateral temporal areas. No such change occurred for faces with negative eyes. Our results suggest the importance of contrast polarity of the eyes in the face-selective neural responses from early development. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.020

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Background: It is known that subjective contours are perceived even when a figure involves motion. However, whether this includes the perception of rigidity or deformation of an illusory surface remains unknown. In particular, since most visual stimuli used in previous studies were generated in order to induce illusory rigid objects, the potential perception of material properties such as rigidity or elasticity in these illusory surfaces has not been examined. Here, we elucidate whether the magnitude of phase difference in oscillation influences the visual impressions of an object's elasticity (Experiment 1) and identify whether such elasticity perceptions are accompanied by the shape of the subjective contours, which can be assumed to be strongly correlated with the perception of rigidity (Experiment 2).
Methodology/Principal Findings: In Experiment 1, the phase differences in the oscillating motion of inducers were controlled to investigate whether they influenced the visual impression of an illusory object's elasticity. The results demonstrated that the impression of the elasticity of an illusory surface with subjective contours was systematically flipped with the degree of phase difference. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the subjective contours of a perceived object appeared linear or curved using multi-dimensional scaling analysis. The results indicated that the contours of a moving illusory object were perceived as more curved than linear in all phase-difference conditions.
Conclusions/Significance: These findings suggest that the phase difference in an object's motion is a significant factor in the material perception of motion-related elasticity.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0078621

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Newborn infants prefer face-like patterns over non-face-like patterns. This preference is explained by newborns' preference for a top-heavy configuration, that is, for geometric patterns that have more elements in the upper part than in the lower part of the configuration (Simion, Valenza, Macchi Cassia, Turati, & Umilta, 2002). However, for 3-month-old infants, face preference cannot be explained only by a preference for top-heaviness because they prefer veridical face images over top-heavy images. The present study used geometric patterns to investigate whether 2- to 3-month-old infants' preference for face patterns exceeds their preference for top-heavy configurations. In Experiment 1, we revealed that the infants preferred the face pattern to the top-heavy pattern only when the internal elements of the patterns were presented with face-like movements. This facilitative effect of internal movement was observed again in Experiment 2, in which the patterns were presented with non-face-like movements. These results suggest that 2- to 3-month-olds' preference for geometric face patterns is greater than their preference for top-heavy patterns only when aided by the movement of internal elements.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2012.00540.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Just as faces share the same basic arrangement of features, with two eyes above a nose above a mouth, human eyes all share the same basic contrast polarity relations, with a sclera lighter than an iris and a pupil, and this is unique among primates. The current study examined whether this bright dark relationship of sclera to iris plays a critical role in face recognition from early in development. Specifically, we tested face discrimination in 7- and 8-month-old infants while independently manipulating the contrast polarity of the eye region and of the rest of the face. This gave four face contrast polarity conditions: fully positive condition, fully negative condition, positive face with negated eyes ("negative eyes") condition, and negated face with positive eyes ("positive eyes") condition. In a familiarization and novelty preference procedure, we found that 7- and 8-month-olds could discriminate between faces only when the contrast polarity of the eyes was preserved (positive) and that this did not depend on the contrast polarity of the rest of the face. This demonstrates the critical role of eye contrast polarity for face recognition in 7- and 8-month-olds and is consistent with previous findings for adults. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.01.006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

There is a large literature focused on the color perception of matte surface. However, recent research showed that the component of surface specular reflection, such as glossiness, also affects categorical color perception. For instance, the color term "gold'' was used to name high specular stimuli within a specific range of chromaticity, which overlaps with those of yellow and orange for low specular stimuli. In the present study, we investigated whether the component of surface specular reflectance affects the color perception of 5- to 8-month-old infants by using the preferential looking technique. In the first experiment, we conducted a simple test to determine whether infants perceive yellow and gold as the same color by comparing their preference for these colors over green. If the infants perceive yellow and gold as the same color, they would show similar preference scores over green. On the other hand, if infants show different preference scores over green, it indicates that infants do not perceive yellow and gold as the same color. Only the 7-8 month-old infants showed different preference scores for gold and yellow over green. This result indicates that the 7-8 month-old infants perceive gold and yellow as different colors. In Experiment 2, we eliminated the component of specular reflectance on the gold surface and presented it against green to infants. A similar preference score of yellow over green was obtained. This result suggests that the difference between the preference scores for gold and yellow over green in Experiment 1 was based on representations of glossiness.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0067535

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OPTICAL SOC JAPAN  

Both horizontal and vertical binocular disparities produce depth perception in adults. In developmental studies, infants aged around 4 to 6 months were shown to perceive depth from horizontal disparity. However, infants' sensitivity to vertical disparity has not been shown clearly. To examine the sensitivity in infants, this study measured preferential looking behavior of infants aged 20 to 27 weeks. Results showed a significant preference for the stimulus with vertical disparity, providing the first evidence of infants' sensitivity to vertical disparity. The infants in the same age group did not show preference for stimulus with horizontal disparity when the stimulus were comparable to the stimulus with vertical disparity, while their sensitivity to horizontal disparity was confirmed with the stimuli used in a previous study. Our results would suggest that properties in processing horizontal and vertical disparities are different in infancy, and that the sensitivity to horizontal disparity are still premature in 27 weeks after birth. (C) 2013 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.1007/s10043-013-0050-1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本小児神経学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

The current study examined color constancy in infants using a familiarization paradigm. We first obtained isoluminance in each infant as defined by the minimum motion paradigm and used these data to control the luminance of stimuli in the main experiments. In the familiarization phase of the main experiment, two identical smiling face patterns were presented side by side in surrounding patches of various colors, presented on a computer-controlled display. The colors in the stimuli simulated the chromaticity of color chips (OSA uniform color scale) under a certain illuminant. The chromaticity of the whole pattern was changed to simulate illuminant color changes in the test phase except for one of the smiling face patterns that preserved its chromaticity and luminance. If infants had color constancy, they would perceive the face without any change in the chromaticity and luminance as a novel object surface and would show preference for it. Two types of illuminant changes were applied, from 6500 to 10,000 K and from 6500 to 4500 K, in correlated color temperature. The luminance contrast between the background and the face patterns remained constant across the illuminant changes. Our results showed that 4.5-month-old infants preferred the pattern that did not change its chromaticity under both types of illuminant color changes. This finding suggests that 4.5-month-olds may have color constancy under the strict control of luminance contrast. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.11.013

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

Japanese male and female undergraduate students judged the gender of a variety of facial images. These images were combinations of the following facial parts: eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, and the face outline (cheek and chin). These parts were extracted from averaged facial images of Japanese males and females aged 18 and 19 years by means of the Facial Image Processing System. The results suggested that, in identifying gender, subjects performed identification on the basis of the eyebrows and the face outline, and both males and females were more likely to identify the faces as those of their own gender. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies, with particular attention paid to the matter of race differences.

DOI： 10.1068/p240563n

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

We investigated illusory motion perception in 6-to-8-month-old infants using a static figure which produces strong illusory motion. In experiment 1 we prepared a control figure, which was physically similar to the illusory motion figure but which did not produce illusory motion. We presented the illusory figure and the control figure side-by-side, and measured infants' looking time at the target illusory figure. Results showed that the infants' looking time at the illusory figure was significantly longer than that for the control. In experiment 2 we made another set of stimuli consisting of the same local pattern used in experiment 1, but which did not produce illusory motion. The results showed that no preferences were observed in experiment 2. These results suggest that 6-to-8-month-old infants perceive illusory motion in static figures.

DOI： 10.1068/p7460

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

We studied whether 5-month-old to 8-month-old infants process faces in a size-invariant manner by applying the fNIRS-adaptation paradigm used in our previous study. We used near-infrared spectroscopy to measure hemodynamic responses in the temporal regions of infants' brains during the repeated presentation of an identical face and different faces while changing the size of the faces. As a result, we found that (a) the hemodynamic responses in the channels around the T5 and T6 positions increased significantly during the presentation of different faces and (b) the hemodynamic responses in these channels showed attenuation to the presentation of the same face compared with the presentation of different faces even when the size of the faces altered. Our findings indicated that infants could show adaptation to the same face despite size alterations and that this processing occurred in the bilateral temporal areas. NeuroReport 23:984-988 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

DOI： 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835a4b86

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.76.0_3pmc03

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Eye gaze is an important tool for social contact. In this study, we investigated whether direct gaze facilitates the recognition of three-dimensional face images in infants. We presented artificially produced face images in rotation to 6-8 month-old infants. The eye gaze of the face images was either direct or averted. Sixty-one sequential images of each face were created by rotating the vertical axis of the face from frontal view to +/- 30 degrees. The recognition performances of the infants were then compared between faces with direct gaze and faces with averted gaze. Infants showed evidence that they were able to discriminate the novel from familiarized face by 8 months of age and only when gaze is direct. These results suggest that gaze direction may affect three-dimensional face recognition in infants. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2012.06.022

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

In three-dimensional face recognition studies, it is well known that viewing rotating faces enhance face recognition. For infants, our previous study indicated that 8-month-old infants showed recognition of three-dimensional rotating faces with a direct gaze, and they did not learn with an averted gaze. This suggests that gaze direction may affect three-dimensional face recognition in infants. In this experiment, we used near-infrared spectroscopy to measure infants' hemodynamic responses to averted gaze and direct gaze. We hypothesized that infants would show different neural activity for averted and direct gazes. The responses were compared with the baseline activation during the presentation of non-face objects. We found that the concentration of oxyhemoglobin increased in the temporal cortex on both sides only during the presentation of averted gaze compared with that of the baseline period. This is the first study to show that infants' brain activity in three-dimensional face processing is different between averted gaze and direct gaze. NeuroReport 23:799-803 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

DOI： 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835734a8

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：7  

It has been shown that infants prefer looking at faces to looking at equally complex, non-facial visual stimuli. Many behavioral studies have illustrated that infants process faces differently from other objects. In agreement with these findings, recent neuropsychological studies provide evidence indicating facespecific brain activity in infants. The present paper reviews the psychological studies investigating the infant's brain activity for faces, using brain-imaging techniques, such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a new and increasingly used brain imaging technique, which is particularly suitable for use with young infants. Studies using NIRS have reported face-specific brain activation in the temporal area. When 5- to 8-month-old infants view upright faces, a significant increase in oxy-hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) was observed in the right temporal area. Such face-specific brain activity in infants becomes view-invariant at the age of 8 months, but not at 5 months. More recently, an NIRS study employing the adaptation paradigm revealed that the identity of faces was processed in the bilateral temporal area. Additionally, face-specific brain activity was observed for not only static face images, but also for dynamic facial point-light displays. We found that concentrations of oxy-Hb increased in the right temporal area during the presentation of an upright facial point-light display compared to that during the baseline period. Finally, we discuss the possibility of developmental changes in brain activity from infancy to childhood and adolescence as well as in atypical development.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We explored the ability of infants to recognize the smell of daily foods, including strawberries and tomatoes, by using a preferential-looking-technique. Experiment 1 was conducted while strawberries were in season (from March to June) in order to enhance the frequency of participant exposure to strawberries outside of the laboratory. Thirty-seven infants aged 6-8 months were tested with a stimulus composed of a pair of photos of strawberries and tomatoes placed side by side and accompanied by a strawberry odor, a tomato odor, or no odors. Infants showed a preference for the strawberry picture when they smelled the congruent odor, but no such preference for the tomato picture. These results suggest that even young infants can recognize olfactory-visual congruency. We conducted Experiment 2 while strawberries were out of season (from July to September) to reduce participant exposure to strawberries in their daily life. Twenty-six infants aged 6-8 months were tested with a stimulus composed of a pair of photos of strawberries and tomatoes placed side by side and accompanied by a strawberry odor, or no odors. In Experiment 2, the olfactory-visual binding effect disappeared. This implies that visual-olfactory binding is triggered by an observer's experience. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.002

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本小児神経学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Oxford University Press  

This chapter summarizes parts of an ongoing research project on the cognitive development of chimpanzee infants, focusing on their social cognition. Since Premack and Woodruff's (1978) article on "theory of mind" in the chimpanzee, studies on social cognition in nonhuman primates from comparative and developmental perspectives have attracted considerable attention. The idea of theory of mind, the ability to infer the mental state of a conspecific, has been elaborated by developmental psychologists, and many experimental studies have been conducted with human children using "false belief" tasks. The research described in this chapter deals with the development of various social cognitive abilities in mother-raised chimpanzees. With regard to the development of social cognition, the chapter also focuses on the social transmission of knowledge from mother to infant. It also examines the interrelated abilities of early social cognition with special reference to gaze: recognition of the mother's face, mutual gaze, gaze following, and triadic interactions.

DOI： 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377804.003.0033

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

We examined the ability of young infants (3- and 4-month-olds) to detect faces in the two-tone images often referred to as Mooney faces. In Experiment 1, this performance was examined in conditions of high and low visibility of local features and with either the presence or absence of the outer head contour. We found that regardless of the presence of the outer head contour, infants preferred upright over inverted two-tone face images only when local features were highly visible (Experiment 1a). We showed that this upright preference disappeared when the contrast polarity of two-tone images was reversed (Experiment 1b), reflecting operation of face-specific mechanisms. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether motion affects infants perception of faces in Mooney faces. We found that when the faces appeared to be rigidly moving, infants did show an upright preference in conditions of low visibility of local features (Experiment 2a). Again the preference disappeared when the contrast polarity of the image was reversed (Experiment 2b). Together, these results suggest that young infants have the ability to integrate fragmented image features to perceive faces from two-tone face images, especially if they are moving. This suggests that an interaction between motion and form rather than a purely motion-based process (e.g., structure from motion) facilitates infants' perception of faces in ambiguous two-tone images. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.10.014

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Arcimboldo images induce the perception of faces when shown upright despite the fact that only nonfacial objects such as vegetables and fruits are painted. In the current study, we examined whether infants recognize a face in the Arcimboldo images by using the preferential looking technique and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In the first experiment, we measured looking preference between upright and inverted Arcimboldo images among Sand 6-month-olds and 7- and 8-month-olds. We hypothesized that if infants perceive the Arcimboldo images as faces, they would prefer the upright images to the inverted ones. We found that only 7- and 8-month-olds significantly preferred upright images, suggesting that they could perceive the Arcimboldo images as faces. In the second experiment, we measured hemodynamic responses using NIRS. Based on the behavioral data, we hypothesized that 7- and 8-month-olds would show different neural activity for upright and inverted Arcimboldo images, as do adults. Therefore, we measured hemodynamic responses in 7- and 8-month-olds while they were looking at upright and inverted Arcimboldo images. Their responses were then compared with the baseline activation during the presentation of individual vegetables. We found that the concentration of oxyhemoglobin increased in the left temporal area during the presentation of the upright images compared with the baseline during the presentation of vegetables. The results of the two experiments suggest that (a) the ability to recognize the upright Arcimboldo images as faces develops at around 7 or 8 months of age and (b) processing of the upright Arcimboldo images is related to the left temporal area of the brain. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.07.008

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS RES FOUND  

Recent adult functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reported that face-sensitive cortical areas showed attenuated responses to the repeated presentation of an identical facial image compared to the presentation of different facial images (fMRI-adaptation effects: e.g., Andrews and Ewbank, 2004). Building upon this finding, the current study, employing the adaptation paradigm, used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to explore the neural basis of face processing in infants. In Experiment 1, we compared hemodynamic responses in the bilateral temporal regions during the repeated presentation of the same face (the same-face condition) and the sequential presentation of different faces (the different-face condition). We found that (1) hemodynamic responses in the channels around the 15 and 16 regions increased during the presentation of different faces compared to those during the presentation of different objects; and that (2) these channels showed significantly lower response in the same-face condition than in the different-face condition, demonstrating the neural adaptation effect in 5- to 8-month-olds as measured by NIRS. In Experiment 2, when faces in both the same-face and different-face conditions were changed in viewpoint, lower hemodynamic responses in the same-face condition were found in 7- to 8-month-olds but not in 5- to 6-month-olds. Our results suggest that faces are represented in a viewpoint-invariant manner in 7- and 8-month-old infants.

DOI： 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00153

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

A preference for static face patterns is observed in newborns and disappears around 3 months after birth. A previous study has demonstrated that 5-month-old infants prefer schematic faces only when the internal features are moving, suggesting that face-specific movement enhances infants' preference.
The present study investigates the facilitative effect of the movement of internal facial features on infants' preference. To examine infants' preference, we used animated face patterns consisting of a head-shaped contour and three disk blobs. The inner blobs expanded and contracted to represent the opening and closing of the eyes and mouth, and were constrained to open and close only in a biologically possible vertical direction resembling the facial muscle structure. We compared infants' preferential looking time for this vertically moving (VM) face pattern with their looking time for a horizontally moving (HM) face pattern in which blobs transformed at the same speed in a biologically impossible, horizontal direction.
In Experiment 1, 7 to 8-month-olds preferred the VM to the HM, but 5 to 6-month-olds did not. However, the preference was diminished in both cases when the moving face patterns were presented without contour (Experiment 2). Our results suggest that internal facial features with vertical movements promote face preference in 7 to 8-month-olds. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/icd.724

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本小児神経学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

A visual pattern's orientation influences how adults amodally complete that pattern. We examined whether this is also the case with infants using Markovich's pattern, consisting of a black polygon partially occluded by a gray disc, which is completed as either a vertically symmetrical hexagon or as a pentagon, depending on the pattern's orientation. Our experiment consisted of two prefamiliarization test trials, six familiarization trials, and two postfamiliarization test trials. In the familiarization trials, two identical Markovich patterns, upright or slanted, were presented to 7-8-month-old infants (N = 28) side by side on a CRT monitor. In the pre- and postfamiliarization test trials, a pentagon and a hexagon were presented side by side. Infants looked longer at the hexagon than at the pentagon in the postfamiliarization test trials. This suggests that infants completed the pattern as a pentagon regardless of the pattern's orientation. This lack of an orientation effect suggests that infants do not use the figure's symmetry as a guiding principle for amodal completion.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2010.00450.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Recognition of other people's facial expressions of emotion plays an important role in social communication in infants as well as adults. Evidence from behavioral studies has demonstrated that the ability to recognize facial expressions develops by 6 to 7 months of age. Although the regions of the infant brain involved in processing facial expressions have not been investigated. neuroimaging studies in adults have revealed that several areas including the superior temporal sulcus (STS) participate in the processing of facial expressions. To examine whether the temporal area overlying the STS is responsible for the processing of facial expressions in infants, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure the neural activity in the temporal area overlying the STS as infants looked at happy and angry faces. NIRS provides a non-invasive means of estimating cerebral blood flow in the human brain and does not require severe constraints of head-movement. According to the International 10-20 system for EEG electrode placement, the measurement area was located in the bilateral temporal area centered at positions T5 and T6, which correspond to the STS.
The time-course of the average change in total-Hb concentration revealed a clear difference in the pattern of hemodynamic responses to happy and angry faces. The hemodynamic response increased gradually when infants looked at happy faces and was activated continuously even after the disappearance of the face. In contrast, the hemodynamic responses for angry faces increased during the presentation of angry faces, then decreased rapidly after the face disappeared.
Moreover, the left temporal area was significantly activated relative to the baseline when infants looked at happy faces, while the right temporal area was significantly activated for angry faces. These findings suggest hemispheric differences in temporal areas during the processing of positive and negative facial expressions in infants. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.021

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

Previously, we used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure infant's brain activity during face processing by detecting changes in hemodynamic responses, oxy-Hb, deoxy-Hb, and total-Hb concentrations [1,2]. We found that the right temporal cortex of the brain was activated when infants looked at upright frontal faces rather than inverted faces, and at the frontal view as well as the profile view on 8-month-olds. In the present study, we investigated 7- and 8-month-olds' brain activity related to the perception of mother's and stranger's faces by NIRS.
The finding was that oxy-Hb and total-Hb concentrations in the right temporal cortex increased against the baseline during presentation of the mother's face. For strangers' faces, the total-Hb concentration in the right temporal cortex was greater than the baseline. By contrast, oxy- and total-Hb concentrations in the left temporal cortex increased only in the presentation of mother's face.
The great activity in the right temporal region for faces irrespective of familiarity was consistent with a predominance of the right temporal cortex found previously in infants 11,21 as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in adults (3,4 In contrast to the activity in the right temporal cortex, the greater hemodynamic response in the left temporal cortex was observed only in the mother's face condition. These findings suggest that the processing of the mother's face enhances activity in bilateral temporal cortex. This is the first study to clarify the location of brain activity in infants related to the perception of their mother's face. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.030

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC  

This study investigated infants' ability to learn artificially produced three-dimensional faces and non-face objects by using the three-dimensional graphic software. We created three-dimensional faces and non-face objects that contained no texture or fixed light source and used a familiarization-novelty preference procedure to familiarize infants with multiple views of a face or a shoe (non-face object). We set two familiarization presentations: one of sequentially rotating images of a single object (rotating presentation) and another of 6 different static view images (static presentation). After familiarization, we checked infants' recognition of the learning objects between these conditions. In Experiment 1, we examined the infants' ability to learn face and non-face objects in static and rotating presentations. Results showed that 6- to 8-month-old infants could learn the non-face objects in both presentations, while they could not learn the faces in the rotating presentation. In Experiments 2 and 3, we modified the rotating presentation for face learning. In Experiment 2, we used three-quarter views at test. In Experiment 3, we set a slower speed rotation. However, the infants still could not learn the faces. These results showed that infants' ability to learn faces differs from their ability to learn non-face objects.

DOI： 10.1167/11.6.9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

We examined glossiness perception in infants using a preferential looking paradigm. In experiment 1, the images of two doll-shaped objects with matte and glossy surfaces were presented to infants aged 5 to 6 and 7 to 8 months. The results showed that the 7 to 8 month olds, but not the 5 to 6 month olds, looked significantly longer at the glossy object than at the matte object. In experiment 2, we additionally employed an object that was matte and covered with textures of white paint splashes, whose luminance histogram was almost identical to that of the glossy object. The results showed that the 7 to 8 month old infants could discriminate between the glossy object and the textured object even though both had similar luminance histograms. Qualitatively similar results were obtained for simple spheres that did not contain facial features. Therefore, the results of experiments 1 and 2 were not due to differences in the visibility of the dolls' facial features. These findings suggest that 7 to 8 month old infants perceive difference between glossy objects and matte objects on the basis of surface representations.

DOI： 10.1068/p6893

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

Humans have the tendency to perceive a face even in a non-living object. Previous studies report that people perceive facial features and even interpret a personality in a car front. Following these findings, we investigated whether the perception of a face in a face-like object is mediated by human face processing, which involves both featural and configural processing. In our experiment, participants were presented with 30 face-like objects and were asked about the existence of facial features, the intensity of typicality/distinctiveness, and the intensity of facial expression. Using multiple regression analysis, which predicts the perception of a face in a face-like object, we found that the existence of eyes was a significant predictor of variance in perceiving a face in a face-like object.

DOI： 10.1068/p6926

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

We investigated whether infants experience the hollow-face illusion using a screen-based presentation of a rotating hollow mask. In experiment 1 we examined preferential looking between rotating convex and concave faces. Adults looked more at the concave-illusory convex-face which appears to counter rotate. Infants of 7- to 8-month-old infants preferred the convex face, and 5- to 6-month-olds showed no preference. While older infants discriminate, their preference differed from that of adults possibly because they don't experience the illusion or counter rotation. In experiment 2 we tested preference in 7- to 8-month-olds for angled convex and concave static faces both before and after habituation to the stimuli shown in experiment 1. The infants showed a novelty preference for the static shape opposite to the habituation stimulus, together with a general preference for the static convex face. This shows that they discriminate between convex and concave faces and that habituation to either transfers across a change in view. Seven-to eight-month-olds have been shown to discriminate direction of rigid rotation on the basis of perspective changes. Our results suggest that this, perhaps together with a weaker bias to perceive faces as convex, allows these infants to see the screen-based hollow face as hollow even though adults perceive it as convex.

DOI： 10.1068/i0423

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

There have been numerous studies of the Munker-White illusion but few have focused on the perceptual development of it in human Infants Therefore this study explores the perceptual development of the Munker-White illusion in Infants In this study we created two kinds of Munker-White illusion patterns that had different subjective saturation and investigated infants preference for these two kinds of patterns Previous studies have shown that Infants had a preference for high colorimetric saturation stimuli Therefore if Infants could perceive the Munker-White Illusion we postulated that they would show a preference for stimuli that have high subjective saturation In experiment 1 4-8-month-old infants showed a preference for the stimuli that had a higher subjective saturation In experiment 2 we confirmed that the preference shown in experiment 1 was not dependent on the difference of the color area ratio that existed in the stimuli of experiment 1 Our results suggest that 4-8-month-old Infants can perceive Munker-White illusion (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.07.010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC  

We investigated the effect of the regular sequence of different views and the three-quarter view effect on the learning of unfamiliar faces by infants. 3-8-month-old infants were familiarized with unfamiliar female faces in either the regular condition (presenting 11 different face views from the frontal view to the left-side profile view in regular order) or the random condition (presenting the same 11 different face views in random order). Following the familiarization, infants were tested with a pair of a familiarized and a novel female face either in a three-quarter (Experiment 1) or in a profile view (Experiment 2). Results showed that only 6-8-month-old infants could identify a familiarized face in the regular condition when they were tested in three-quarter views. In contrast, 6-8-month-old infants showed no significant novelty preference in profile views. The results suggest that the regular sequence of different face views promotes the learning of unfamiliar faces by infants over 6 months old. Moreover, our findings imply that the three-quarter view effect appears in infants.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2010.00441.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC  

We examined two hypotheses about infants' perception of orientation. The first is that infants develop an expectation that the human body is normally vertical. To examine this hypothesis, we compared the preferential looking to vertical and oblique versions of a silhouette of a human body, to an inverted body, and to a grating. Our second hypothesis is that presenting a figure inside a frame affects the perception of orientation. To examine the second hypothesis, we placed the figure inside a surrounding square that was oriented normally or at an oblique angle. Four- to seven-month-old infants (N = 78) participated. The results showed that 6-7-month-old infants preferred the oblique human body presented upright; no such preference was observed for the inverted body or the grating. For all types of displays, the surrounding square influenced preferences. Our results suggest that (a) 6-7-month-old infants have specific expectations about the orientation of the human body, and (b) surrounding displays with a square could influence the perception of the orientation of the human body, as well as that of a grating.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2010.00443.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

Adult observers can quickly identify specific actions performed by an invisible actor from the points of lights attached to the actor's head and major joints. Infants are also sensitive to biological motion and prefer to see it depicted by a dynamic point-light display [1]. In detecting biological motion such as whole body and facial movements, neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the involvement of the occipitotemporal cortex, including the superior temporal sulcus (STS) [15]. In the present study, we used the point-light display technique and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to examine infant brain activity while viewing facial biological motion depicted in a point-light display.
Dynamic facial point-light displays (PLO) were made from video recordings of three actors making a facial expression of surprise in a dark room. As in Bassili's study [2], about 80 luminous markers were scattered over the surface of the actor's faces.
In the experiment, we measured infant's hemodynamic responses to these displays using NIRS. We hypothesized that infants would show different neural activity for upright and inverted PLD. The responses were compared to the baseline activation during the presentation of individual still images, which were frames extracted from the dynamic PLD. We found that the concentration of oxy-Hb increased in the right temporal area during the presentation of the upright PLD compared to that of the baseline period. This is the first study to demonstrate that infant's brain activity in face processing is induced only by the motion cue of facial movement depicted by dynamic PLD. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.086

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Radial optic flow is one of the crucial cues for the perception of motion-in-depth and contributes to our daily adaptive actions such as locomotion or postural control. Although many researchers have examined the development of radial motion perception and that of adaptive motor actions, no valid developmental model for visuo-motor coordination has been proposed. In the present study, we tried to propose a developmental framework for the interactive process between visual radial motion perception and the adaptive motor actions in infancy, with a brief review of the previous psychophysical, psychophysiological, and neurophysiological studies. The effect of the functional development of the posterior parietal cortex, which might be induced by the experiences of ego motion in particular developmental periods, on visuo-motor coordination was discussed.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2010.00426.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

This study examined the perception of the rotating Kanizsa square by using a fixed-trial familiarization method. If the Kanizsa square is rotated across the pacmen, adult observers perceive not only a rotating illusory square, but also an illusory expansion/contraction motion of this square. The phenomenon is called a "rotational dynamic illusion". In experiments 1 and 2, we investigated whether infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion, finding that 3-8-month-old infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion as a simple rotation of the Kanizsa square. In experiment 3, we investigated whether infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion as a rotation of the Kanizsa square or as a deformation of shape, finding that 3-4-month-old infants did perceive the rotational dynamic illusion as a rotation of the Kanizsa square. Our results show that while 3-8-month-old infants perceive the rotating Kanizsa square, however, it is difficult for the infants to extract expansion/contraction motion from the rotational dynamic illusion. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.12.010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Visual radial expansion/contraction motion provides important visual information that is used to control several adaptive actions. We investigated radial motion perception in infant Japanese macaque monkeys using an experimental procedure previously developed for human infants. We found that the infant monkeys' visual preference for the radial expansion pattern was greater than that for the radial contraction pattern. This trend towards an "expansion bias" is similar to that observed in human infants. These results suggest that asymmetrical radial motion processing is a basic visual function common to primates, and that it emerges early in life.

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-009-2136-3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The Ebbinghaus illusion is a geometric illusion based on a size-contrast between a central circle and surrounding circles. A central circle surrounded by small inducing circles is perceived as being larger than a central circle surrounded by large inducing circles. In the present study we investigated 5- to 8-month-old infants' perception of the Ebbinghaus illusion using a preferential-looking paradigm. We measured the preference between a central circle surrounded by small inducing circles (overestimated figure) and a central circle surrounded by large inducing circles (underestimated figure). Infants showed a significant preference for the overestimated figure when the central circle was flashing, but not when it was static. Furthermore, there was no preference between the two figures when the central circles were removed. These results suggest that infants' preference reflects their perception of the size illusion of the central circle. There is a possibility that 5- to 8-month-old infants perceive the Ebbinghaus illusion.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2009.00420.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

We explored infants' ability to recognize the canonical colors of daily objects, including two color-specific objects (human face and fruit) and a non-color-specific object (flower), by using a preferential looking technique. A total of 58 infants between 5 and 8 months of age were tested with a stimulus composed of two color Pictures of an object placed side by side: a correctly colored Picture (e.g., Fed strawberry) and an inappropriately colored picture (e.g., green-blue strawberry). The results showed that, overall, the 6- to 8-month-olds showed preference for the Correctly colored pictures for color-specific objects, whereas they did not show preference for the correctly colored pictures for the non-color-specific object. The 5-month-olds showed no significant preference for the correctly colored pictures for all object conditions. These findings imply that the recognition, of canonical color for objects emerges at 6 months of age. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jecp.2009.11.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Background: Perceived spatial intervals between successive flashes can be distorted by varying the temporal intervals between them (the "tau effect''). A previous study showed that a tau effect for visual flashes could be induced when they were accompanied by auditory beeps with varied temporal intervals (an audiovisual tau effect).
Methodology/Principal Findings: We conducted two experiments to investigate whether the audiovisual tau effect occurs in infancy. Forty-eight infants aged 5-8 months took part in this study. In Experiment 1, infants were familiarized with audiovisual stimuli consisting of three pairs of two flashes and three beeps. The onsets of the first and third pairs of flashes were respectively matched to those of the first and third beeps. The onset of the second pair of flashes was separated from that of the second beep by 150 ms. Following the familiarization phase, infants were exposed to a test stimulus composed of two vertical arrays of three static flashes with different spatial intervals. We hypothesized that if the audiovisual tau effect occurred in infancy then infants would preferentially look at the flash array with spatial intervals that would be expected to be different from the perceived spatial intervals between flashes they were exposed to in the familiarization phase. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. In Experiment 2, the first and third beeps were removed from the familiarization stimuli, resulting in the disappearance of the audiovisual tau effect. This indicates that the modulation of temporal intervals among flashes by beeps was essential for the audiovisual tau effect to occur (Experiment 2).
Conclusions/Significance: These results suggest that the cross-modal processing that underlies the audiovisual tau effect occurs even in early infancy. In particular, the results indicate that audiovisual modulation of temporal intervals emerges by 5-8 months of age.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0009503

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), we recorded changes of oxy-Hb, deoxy-Hb, and total-Hb in 7- to 8-month-old infants' and adults' brains in response to canonical face and scrambled face stimuli. Using a newly developed probe for NIRS recording, which was light and soft enough to be tolerated by infants, we were able to acquire data from the very young even in the awake state. Total-Hb in response to a canonical face stimulus was greater than for scrambled face stimuli only in the right hemisphere in infants. This indicates the presence of right hemisphere dominance of brain activity in response to face images in 7- to 8-month-old infants. in adults, oxy-Hb and total-Hb were significantly increased from baseline only for the canonical face in the right hemisphere. There were greater numbers of channels showing significantly increased activity for the canonical face in the right than in the left hemisphere. These data indicate that the right hemisphere is more dominant for canonical face perception in both infants and adults. However, overall, the increase of total-Hb and oxy-Hb in adults was modest compared to infants. Although the reason for the difference between infants and adults is unclear, in addition to developmental changes influencing face perception, some methodological problems may be present. Thus, because we recorded NIRS signals in infants and adults using the same method, anatomical and physiological problems might affect the results to some degree. Although comparing the results between infants and adults is not simple, the present study is the first to indicate how 7- to 8-month-old infants perceive scrambled face stimuli and to compare such results with those of adults in order to understand developmental changes in face perception. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.046

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC  

A "transfer-across-depth-cues" method was used to explore the development of the ability to generate and use spatial representations of an object as specified by static pictorial depth cues. Infants were habituated to an object with depth specified by one cue and then presented with the same shape with depth specified by a different cue. Only if an abstract representation of that object had been formed could transfer across cues occur. Shading and line junctions uniquely determined the 3D shapes in these displays so that they appeared to be either a slice of cake with a flat top or a rocket. Without these cues, both line drawings were identical. Infants aged 6 to 7 months showed significant evidence of transfer, while infants aged 4 to 5 months did not. A control experiment demonstrated that the younger infants could discriminate between the objects when a single depth cue specified the shapes. These results are similar to our previous findings, which indicated that 6- to 7-month-old infants show transfer across shading and surface-contour cues, specifying convex and concave surfaces (A. Tsuruhara, T. Sawada, S. Kanazawa, M. K. Yamaguchi, & A. Yonas, 2009). This work supports the hypothesis that the ability to form 3D spatial representations from pictorial depth cues develops at about 6 months of age. Keywords: infant shape perception, pictorial depth cues, shading, line junction, perceptual development

DOI： 10.1167/10.12.2

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Although lots of studies about neon color spreading have been reported, few of these studies have focused on the perceptual development of it in human infants. Therefore, this study explores the perceptual development of neon color spreading in infants. In experiment 1, we examined 3-6-month-olds' perception of neon color spreading in static conditions. In experiment 2, we examined 3-6-month-olds' perception of neon color spreading in moving conditions. Our results suggest that while only 5-6-month-old infants show a preference for neon color spreading in the static condition, 3-4-month-old infants also prefer neon color spreading if motion information is available. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.09.001

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Detection of others' gaze direction is ail essential tool in everyday communication. As the gaze direction is analyzed rapidly and automatically, we hardly notice how we are performing this task. Wollaston's illusion [Wollaston, W. H. (1824). Oil the apparent direction of eye in a portrait. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 114, 247-256] provides us the chance to understand ail aspect of this problem, in which the change in orientation of the face results in the shift of the perceived gaze direction. This illusion suggests that we analyze others' gaze directions by integrating information from eyes and that from face. By using Wollaston's illusion, we examined how 6- to 8-month-old infants process gaze direction in upright and inverted faces. Our results suggest that 8-month-olds process gaze direction in terms of the orientation of the face, and perceive ail illusory shift of the gaze direction in Wollaston's illusion when the face was shown in ail upright orientation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.07.006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

The purpose of this study was to explore the infants' ability to perceive 3D shape from pictorial depth cues. While several previous Studies showed that infants discriminate between displays which differ in pictorial information for depth and can use this information to direct reaching, it is not clear that infants form a common representation of all object's shape from different pictorial depth cues. To clarify the infants' ability for pictorial depth Cues. we employed a "transfer-across-depth-cues" method with four-to-five-month-old and six-to-seven-month-old infants. Using this method, we examined the transfer between two pictorial depth cues: shading and surface contours. Infants were habituated to a 3D shape specified by one cue and were then presented with the same shape and a novel shape, both specified by the other depth cue. In this situation the familiar shape could be detected only if one perceived the 3D shape from the pictorial depth Cues. Our results indicated that older infants showed a significant novelty preference while the Younger group did not. We found that, at least by six-to-seven-months old, infants develop a common representation over different pictorial depth cues. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.09.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC  

We report asymmetrical cortical responses (steady-state visual evoked potentials) to radial expansion and contraction in human infants and adults. Forty-four infants (22 3-month-olds and 22 4-month-olds) and nine adults viewed dynamic dot patterns which cyclically (2.1 Hz) alternate between radial expansion (or contraction) and random directional motion. The first harmonic (F1) response in the steady-state VEP response must arise from mechanisms sensitive to the global radial motion structure. We compared F1 amplitudes between expansion-random and contraction-random motion alternations. F1 amplitudes for contraction were significantly larger than those for expansion for the older infants and adults but not for the younger infants. These results suggest that the human cortical motion mechanisms have asymmetrical sensitivity for radial expansion vs. contraction, which develops at around 4 months of age. The relation between development of sensitivity to radial motion and cortical motion mechanisms is discussed.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00839.x

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This study compared 3- to 4-month-olds' recognition of previously unfamiliar faces learned in a moving or a static condition. Infants in the moving condition showed successful recognition with only 30 s familiarization, even when different images of a face were used in the familiarization and test phase (Experiment 1). In contrast, infants in the static condition showed successful recognition only when the familiarization duration was lengthened to 90 s and when the same image was used between the familiarization and test phase (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, presentation of multiple static images of a face did not yield the same level of performance as the moving condition (Experiment 4). These results suggest that facial motion promotes young infants' recognition of unfamiliar faces. © 2009, Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01330.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

In adults, a salient tone embedded in a sequence of nonsalient tones improves detection of a synchronously and briefly presented visual target in a rapid, visually distracting sequence. This phenomenon indicates that perception from one sensory modality can be influenced by another one even when the latter modality provides no information about the judged property itself However, no study has revealed the age-related development of this kind of cross-modal enhancement. Here we tested the effect of concurrent and unique sounds on detection of illusory contours during infancy. We used a preferential looking technique to investigate whether audio-visual enhancement of the detection of illusory contours could be observed at 5, 6, and 7 months of age. A significant enhancement, induced by sound, of the preference for illusory contours was observed only in the 7-month-olds. These results suggest that audio-visual enhancement in visual target detection emerges at 7 months of age. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jecp.2008.07.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC  

Previous psychophysical studies have shown that the adult human visual system makes use of form information such as occlusion to determine whether to integrate or segregate local motion signals (J. McDermott, Y. Weiss, & E. H. Adelson, 2001). Using the displays developed by McDermott et al., these experiments examined whether occlusion and amodal completion affect motion integration in infants. After familiarizing infants with the displays, infants were tested for preference between coherent motion and local motion displays. The results indicate that 5- to 8-month-olds, but not 3-month-olds, showed a significantly greater preference for the local motion display under occlusion conditions. These results suggest that 5- to 8-month-olds perceive motion to be coherent under occlusion conditions. The results are compatible with previous data showing that amodal completion of static information emerges at around 5-6 months of age (Y. Otsuka et al.. 2006a). adding that infants use amodal completion for motion integration at this same time.

DOI： 10.1037/0096-1523.35.1.72

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-LISS  

The objective of the present study was to determine whether a developmental difference occurs in brain activity when infants look at frontal and profile views using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which is an optical imaging technique used to measure changes in the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (deoxy-Hb), and total hemoglobin (total-Hb). For this objective, we compared NIRS results in two age groups, 5- and 8-month-old infants, while they were looking at frontal views, profile views, and objects. We found that the concentration of oxy-Hb and total-Hb in the 5-month-old group increased for only frontal views in the right temporal regions. In contrast, the concentration of oxy-Hb and total-Hb in the 8-month-old group increased for both frontal and profile views in the right temporal regions. Therefore, the present study indicated that the right hemisphere was dominant for the perception of profile views as well as frontal views. In addition, the most important and interesting finding was that the infants' brain activity of the face area would become view-invariant at the age of 8 months but not at 5 months. The developmental period for view-invariant face recognition has been discussed in previous psychological studies, but this is the first objective study to confirm that the period is between 5- and 8-months by measuring the blood flow in the brain using NIRS. Hum Brain Mapp 30:462-472, 2009. (C) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/hbm.20516

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

We examined whether infants could visually discriminate the orientation of a grating surrounded by an oblique square (experiment 1) and a vertical square (experiment 2). A familiarisation-novelty preference procedure was used. In experiment 1, infants aged 4 to 6 months did not visually distinguish the orientation of a grating surrounded by an oblique square. However, in experiment 2, in which a vertical surrounding square was used, such infants visually distinguished the orientation of a grating. Our results suggest that the external visual frame can affect infants' perception of the orientation of a grating, as it does in adults. In experiment 1, a grating was within an oblique square. Here, the relative orientation with respect to the external visual frame differs from the orientation relative to the retinal/gravitational axes. Such discrepancy appears to cause confusion in infants' perception of orientation.

DOI： 10.1068/p6029

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

We investigated 3- and 4-month-old infants' sensitivity to differences defined by shading using a paired-comparison familiarity/novelty preference procedure. Infants were familiarized with a pair of displays consisting of homogeneous shaded disks, and then were tested with two displays: the familiar display and a novel one containing shaded disks with reversed polarity (defined as the target). Experiment 1 examined two assumptions on discerning shapes from shading in infants by manipulating the orientations in the shading gradient of stimuli. When the orientation of the shading gradient was vertical, 4-month-old infants looked at the novel display for a longer time during the test trial. However, they failed to detect differences when the orientation of shading gradients was horizontal. Three-month-old infants did not detect differences in either orientation of the shading gradient. Experiment 2 examined asymmetry in the detection of convex versus concave shapes. Four-month-old infants failed to detect the target when the orientation of the shading grating was vertical and the target was convex. Taken with the results of Experiment 1, concave shapes were much easier to detect than convex shapes for 4-month-olds. This asymmetry suggests that 4-month-old infants process shading information in the same manner as adults.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2008.00369.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Sensitivity to rotational motion, one of the fundamental components of optic flow, was tested in infants aged 2 and 3 months. The infants in both groups showed significant sensitivity to rotational motion only in the high-speed condition (10.62 degrees/s). There was no significant increase in motion sensitivity between 2 and 3 months of age, indicating that there is not a significant developmental change during this period. A comparison of our results with previous findings that showed a significant increase in radial motion sensitivity between 2 and 3 months suggests that different motion sensitivities have different developmental time courses.

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-008-1461-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We examined the sensitivity to shading and line junction cues in human infants aged 5-8 months using computer-gene rated displays containing a rectangular-wave grating and a serrated aperture. In Experiment 1, infants were presented with a pair of displays: a two-dimensional to three-dimensional (2D-3D) display, alternating between 2D and 3D images, and a 2D-2D display, alternating between two 2D images. The 3D image consisted of black-and-white borders aligned with the peaks of a serrated aperture, creating the appearance of a 3D folded surface. The 2D image consisted of the black-and-white borders misaligned with the peaks of a serrated aperture, which does not create a 3D impression for adults. Seven- and 8-month-old infants looked longer at the 2D-3D display than the 2D-2D display. In contrast, 5- and 6-month-old infants did not exhibit a looking preference. In Experiment 2, we used images with double-cycle rectangular-wave gratings to impair shading information. These images consisted of black-and-white borders aligned with half of the peaks and misaligned with latter half of the peaks of a serrated aperture, giving the appearance of surface markings. Seven- and 8-month-old infants did not exhibit a significant difference in preference between the two test displays. These results could not be explained by the young infant's failure of discrimination due to the experimental procedure (Experiment 3). These results showed that the sensitivity to shading and line junctions change between 5-6 and 7-8 months of age. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2008.03.011

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

We examined the sensitivity of 2- and 3-month-old infants to radial expansion/contraction at various speeds. The stimuli comprised one radial motion pattern (expansion or contraction) and one translational motion pattern (up, down, left or right; counterbalanced across infants) placed side by side. The two patterns in each stimulus had the same speed. Three-month-old infants could discriminate between radiation and translation, even under relatively low speeds (5.31 and 2.66 degrees/s), whereas discrimination between the two patterns by 2-month-old infants was very limited. Thus, the range of speeds at which infants can detect radial expansion/contraction changes extensively between 2 and 3 months of age. This change in radial motion sensitivity may reflect the development of cortical motion mechanisms in the dorsal pathway, which is specialised to detect radial motion.

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-007-1170-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

We examined infants' perception of subjective contours in Subjective-Contour-from-Apparent-Motion (SCAM) stimuli [e.g., Cicerone, C. M., Hoffman, D. D., Gowdy, P. D., & Kim, J. S. (1995). The perception of color from motion. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 761-777] using the preferential looking technique. The SCAM stimulus is composed of random dots which are assigned two different colors. Circular region assigned one color moved apparently, keeping all dots' location unchanged. In the SCAM stimulus, adults can perceive subjective color spreading and subjective contours in apparent motion (http://c-faculty.chuou.ac.jp/similar to ymasa/okamura/ibd_demo.html). In the present study, we conducted two experiments by using this type of SCAM stimulus. A total of thirty-six 3-8-month-olds participated. In experiment 1, we presented two stimuli to the infants side by side: a SCAM stimulus consisting of different luminance, and a non-SCAM stimulus consisting of isoluminance dots. The results indicated that the 5-8-month-olds showed preference for the SCAM stimuli. In experiments 2 and 3, we confirmed that the infants' preference for the SCAM stimulus was not generated by the local difference and local change made by luminance of dots but by the subjective contours. These results suggest that 5-8-month-olds were able to perceive subjective contours in the SCAM stimuli. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.07.008

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC  

An expanding object, which may represent an approaching motion, is easier to detect than a contracting one, which may represent a receding object. To confirm the generality of asymmetry in the detection of approaching and receding motions, we focused on the perception of apparent motion in depth created by moving cast shadows. The visual search for an approaching target among receding distractors was more efficient than for the opposite condition (Experiment 1). However, this asymmetry disappeared when a light shadow was added (Experiments 2 and 3). This suggests that the visual system is specialized to detect approaching motion defined by cast shadows, as well as other three-dimensional cues such as expanding motion and shading.

DOI： 10.1167/8.13.10

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC  

Most developmental studies consistently show that sensitivity to purely pictorial cues to perceptual organization emerges around 6-7 months of age (e. g. B. I. Bertenthal, J. J. Campos, & M. M. Haith, 1980). Here, we show evidence for an early emergence of visual completion using purely static two-dimensional pictorial information. By using preferential looking technique, we examined whether 3-4 and 5-6 month-olds perceive illusory transparent surface which is induced by a newly developed mixed polarity Kanizsa configuration. Our results suggest that 3-4 and 5-6 month-olds discriminate and prefer the transparent Kanizsa configuration both from its rotated counterpart, and from the non-transparent Kanizsa configuration. Our stimuli and experimental manipulation exclude the possibility that these responses were based on the geometrical properties of the figure or the local contrast difference between the figures. Our finding suggests the sensitivity for surface segmentation based solely on two-dimensional cues in both 3-4 and 5-6 month olds.

DOI： 10.1167/8.16.6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The perception of colour in an embedded field is affected by the surround colour. This phenomenon is known as chromatic induction. In the present study we investigated whether the colour perception by infants aged 5-7 months could be affected by the surround colour. In Experiments 1 and 2 each stimulus was composed of an array of six squares in tandem. The colour appearance of the array in the familiarization stimulus was established by chromatic induction. In Experiment 1 we used familiarization stimuli that were perceived as two-colour array with a two-colour surround. In Experiment 2 we used a familiarization stimulus that was perceived as a uniform-colour array with a two-colour surround. In the test phase, the uniform-colour array and the two-colour array were presented on a white uniform-colour surround in both experiments. The results showed that in Experiment 1 the 5- and 7-month-old infants had novelty preference for the uniform-colour test array. This suggested that the infants' colour perception could be affected by surround colour. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the 7-month-olds showed a novelty preference for the two-colour test array, but the 5-month-olds showed no novelty preference. This suggested that 7-month-olds' colour perception could be affected by surround colour, but that of 5-month-olds could not. We discuss the contradiction of the results between Experiments 1 and 2. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/icd.530

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：1  

The present study examined infants' brain activity in response to upright and inverted faces using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which can non-invasively record hemodynamic changes of the brain. NIRS is particularly useful for recording in infants, since recordings can be made, even while the infants are awake, without fixing their body and brain. For this objective, we used newly developed sensor probes of NIRS for recording in infants. We measured changes in cerebral oxygenation in 10 5-8-month-olds' left and right lateral areas while they were looking at upright and inverted faces. The results are summarized as follows: (1) the concentration of oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and total hemoglobin (total-Hb) increased significantly in the right lateral area during the upright face condition, (2) the concentration of total-Hb in the right lateral area differed significantly between the upright and inverted conditions, (3) hemodynamic changes were maximal in the temporal region, probably in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in both hemispheres, and (4) the right hemisphere seems to be more important for recognizing upright faces. This is the first evidence showing that there is an inter-hemispheric difference on the effect of face inversion in the infant brain using a hemodynamic method. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.013

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本心理学会  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.71.0_WS029

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We investigated the perceptual development of motion transparency in 3- to 5-month-old infants. In two experiments we tested a total of 55 infants and examined their preferential looking behaviour. In experiment 1, we presented transparent motion as a target, and uniform motion as a non-target consisting of random-dot motions. We measured the time during which infants looked at the target and non-target stimuli. In experiment 2, we used paired-dot motions (Qian et al, 1994 Journal of Neuroscience 14 7357-7366) as non-targets and also measured target looking time. We calculated the ratio of the target looking time to the total target and no-target looking time. In both experiments we controlled the dot size, speed, the horizontal travel distance of the dots, and the motion pattern of the dots. The results demonstrated that 5-month-old infants showed a statistically significant preference for motion transparency in almost all stimulus conditions, whereas the preference in 3- and 4-month-old infants depended on stimulus conditions. These results suggest that the sensitivity to motion transparency was robust in 5-month-olds, but not in 3- and 4-month-olds.

DOI： 10.1068/p5277

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：2  

We investigated 2- and 3-month-olds' motion coherence sensitivities to radial expansion/contraction by using the preferential looking method. The infants were tested with a stimulus composed of two dynamic random dot patterns placed side by side: an expansion (or a contraction) pattern and a random directional pattern. The results showed that the 3-month-old infants tested with both a contraction and random directional pattern could discriminate between those two motions significantly, even when the contraction motion coherence was relatively low (50%). On the other hand, the 3-month-old infants who were tested with both expansion and random directional pattern could not discriminate between those two motions. None of the 2-month-old infants showed significant discrimination between the expansion/contraction and random motion patterns. Results of the present study suggest that anisotropic motion coherence sensitivities to radial expansion/ contraction emerge at around 3 months of age. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.10.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：5  

A moving cast shadow of the object affects the perception of the object's trajectory in adults [Kersten, D., Mamassian, P., &amp
Knill, D. C. (1997). Moving cast shadow induce apparent motion in depth. Perception, 26, 171-192]. In the present study, we investigated by using a habituation-dishabituation procedure whether infants at 4- to 7-months old discriminate the motion trajectory of a ball from the moving shadow it casts. In Experiment 1, 4- to 5-month-old and 6- to 7-month-old were tested for ability to discriminate between a "depth" display containing a ball and a cast shadow with a diagonal trajectory and an "up" display containing a ball with a diagonal trajectory and a cast shadow with a horizontal trajectory. Six- and 7-month-old, but not 4- and 5-month-old, infants looked significantly longer at the "up" display than at the "depth" display. In Experiment 2, we tested whether 4- to 5-month-old and 6- to 7-month-old infants would perceive "up" motion as categorically different from "depth" depending on the object's 3-D trajectory. We used displays containing a ball and a cast shadow with the same trajectories as those in Experiment 1 except that the cast shadows appeared above the ball. These displays did not produce 3-D impressions in adults. Neither age group of infants exhibited significant differences between "up" and "depth" displays. When the results from the two experiments are considered, 6- and 7-month-old infants discriminated the motion trajectory of the ball from the moving cast shadows. This developmental emergence of depth perception from a moving cast shadow at 6 months of age is consistent with that of other pictorial depth cues. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.028

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：3  

We conducted four experiments on the development of motion perception in a total of 109 3- to 5-month-old infants using motion stimuli consisting of opposite-moving dots. A psychophysical study showed that adult subjects perceived two global planes with opposite-moving dots, but this global perception collapsed when paired opposite-moving dots were located within 0.4 deg of one another (Qian, Andersen, &amp
Adelson, 1994). We used this paired-dot stimulus as a non-target and the opponent motion stimulus as a target and examined target preference using methods based on forced-choice- preferential looking (Teller, 1979). In Experiment 1, we used 90 moving dots as stimuli. The results showed that 5-month-old infants had a significant preference for the targets but 4- and 3-month-olds did not. In Experiment 2, we used a small number of dots, and the results showed that 5-month-old infants did not prefer the target significantly. These results suggest that the preference for a target decreases according to the number of dots. In Experiment 3, we used opponent motion with long traveling length of the dots, and the results showed that all age groups, including 3-month-olds, had a preference for the moving targets. We showed that the preference observed in Experiment 3 was dependent not on local traveling length but on the global opponency. These results suggest that the perception of motion opponency based on a global motion cue emerges at 5 months of age (Experiments 1 and 2) and that the traveling length of the dots promote this perception (Experiments 3 and 4). © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.040

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：12  

We examined perceptual transparency in infants. In a previous study, Johnson and Aslin (2000 Developmental Psychology 36 808-816) found that 4-month-olds could perceive transparency in a moving chromatic display, but not in an achromatic display. In this study, we further examined perceptual transparency in infants using a static achromatic display. Considering the development of figural organisation and contrast sensitivity, we assumed that 3- to 4-month-olds would perceive transparency even in a static achromatic display. We created a transparency and a non-transparent display composed of a partially overlapping circle and square, by switching the colours. Infants aged 3 to 4 months (n = 24) were familiarised with the transparency display (experiment 1) or with the non-transparent display (experiment 2). Then, they were confronted with a uniform colour and a two-colour figure. Infants showed novelty preference for the two-colour figure after they had been familiarised with the transparency display (experiment 1), but not after they had been familiarised with the non-transparent display (experiment 2). These results suggest that 3- to 4-month-old infants can perceive transparency in a static achromatic display. © 2006 a Pion publication.

DOI： 10.1068/p5386

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Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Psychonomic Society  

We investigated the perception of motion trajectories of objects from moving cast shadows by human and macaque infants, and an adult chimpanzee, using a habituation-dishabituation procedure. We tested the ability to discriminate between a "depth" display which contained a ball and a cast shadow moving diagonally, and an "up" display containing a ball with a diagonal trajectory and a cast shadow with a horizontal trajectory. The results suggest that the ability to perceive the motion trajectories of the objects from moving cast shadows was shared by the three primate species.

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00004450519

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：9  

Visual completion has been divided into two types: modal and amodal. While psychophysical studies with adults provided several common properties between modal and amodal completion, studies with infants showed differential trends in the development of these perceptual abilities. In the present study, we further examined the development of these two kinds of visual completion in infants aged 3 to 6 months. We created a display composed of a partially overlapping circle and square. The display induced either modal or amodal completion depending on the colour. Infants were familiarised with either the modal or the amodal display. After this familiarisation, the infants were tested on their discrimination between the complete figure and the broken figure. If the infants could perceptually complete the figures in the familiarisation display, they were expected to show a novelty preference for the broken figure. A total of thirtytwo infants participated in the present study. Our results suggest that modal completion develops by 3-4 months of age, whereas amodal completion develops by 5-6 months of age.

DOI： 10.1068/p5258

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

In this paper, we assessed the developmental changes in face recognition by three infant chimpanzees aged 1-18 weeks, using preferential-looking procedures that measured the infants' eye- and head-tracking of moving stimuli. In Experiment 1, we prepared photographs of the mother of each infant and an "average" chimpanzee face using computer-graphics technology. Prior to 4 weeks of age, the infants showed few tracking responses and no differential responses. Between 4 and 8 weeks of age, they paid greater attention to their mother's face. From 8 weeks onward, they again showed no differences, but exhibited frequent tracking responses. Experiment 2 investigated the infants' tracking responses between a familiar human's and an "average" human face. The infants did not show any evidence of recognizing the human faces. We discuss the development of face recognition in relation to the effects of other species' faces and postnatal visual experience. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cogdev.2004.12.002

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Language：English   Publisher：The Japanese Psychonomic Society  

We examined the role of motion information on infants' recognition of unfamiliar faces. Previous studies suggested that motion information promotes infants' perception (Kellman & Spelke, 1983; Otsuka & Yamaguchi, 2003), and therefore we theorized that motion information should facilitate infants' face recognition. In the present study, we compared infants' recognition memory for unfamiliar faces learned in a moving or a static condition. Infants aged 3- to 5-months (N=24) were familiarized with a smiling female face either in the moving or static condition. After familiarization, infants were tested using a pair of novel and familiar female faces. We found that the infants showed a significant preference for novel faces only in the moving condition. The present results suggest that learning from the moving condition promotes infants' recognition of unfamiliar faces.

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00004348797

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：27  

A radial expansion flow having a linear-speed-gradient (linear-grad) creates robust perception of a rigid object moving-in-depth [Perception 19 (1990) 21]. It has been reported that sensitivity to a linear-grad of radial expansion emerges at 2 months of age [Infant Behavior and Development 17 (1994) 165]. In the present study, we examined the development of sensitivity to the linear-grad of radial expansion after 2 months of age with three experiments. A total of 197 2- to 5-month-old infants participated. The results showed that sensitivity to the linear-grad improves between 2 and 3 months of age (Experiment 1), and that the infants may discriminate between an expansion having linear-grad and that having zero-grad based on their perception of motion-in-depth (Experiments 2 and 3). © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.029

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We examined the developmental process of the sensitivity to expansion and contraction with two separate experiments. In the present study, 121 2-8-month-old-infants were participated. In the expansion search condition, 58 infants were exposed to a display consisted of an expansion (target) and 11 contractions (distractors). In the contraction search condition, the other 63 infants were exposed to a display consisted of a contraction (target) and 11 expansions (distractors). The results showed that in the expansion search condition the infants except for 2-month-olds show significant preference for the target. The sensitivity (or insensitivity) to expansion (or contraction) over 3 months of age observed in the present study is similar to the asymmetry for the perception of expansion/contraction [T. Takeuchi, Visual search of expansion and contraction, Vision Res. 37 (1997) 2083-2090]. The relation between the development of the asymmetric perception of expansion/contraction and that of the cortical pathway was discussed. © 2004 Esevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2003.12.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBL LTD  

In this paper, we summarize a series of studies on the developmental changes in social cognition in mother-raised infant chimpanzees from birth to around 2 years old. The infants preferentially tracked a photograph of their mother's face at 1 month but showed indifferent preferences to faces at 2 months old. This change in facial recognition was correlated with a decrease in neonatal spontaneous smiling, increase in social smiling and a decline in neonatal imitation of facial expressions. Also at around 2 months, the infants began to show preferences for directed-gaze faces over averted gazes, and the amount of mutual gaze time between mother and infant chimpanzees increased. Thus, by 2 months of age, abilities required for dyadic interactions are already developed in chimpanzees as is the case in humans. The development of triadic interactions, however, is rather different between these two species. The infant chimpanzee can follow another's pointing or gaze at around 1 year, but even by 2 years old, does not "share" attention with the others.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-5584.2004.00254.x

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We investigated the anisotropic responses between the detection of motion toward and motion away from the observers with expanding/contracting shaded circles. Our experiments followed visual search paradigm with two exceptions: (1) the stimulus presentation time was fixed for 300 ms and (2) the mean error rates were adopted as a dependent variable. In Experiment 1, targets and distractors were defined by expanding (or contracting) convex/concave circles. Results of Experiment 1 suggested that the human visual system is more sensitive to expanding convex circles (which create the impression of approaching objects) than others. In Experiment 2, the targets and distractors were defined by expanding (or contracting) step gradient (top-lighting/bottom- lighting) circles. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that the anisotropy for the perception of motion-in-depth should not be caused by change of luminance polarity but by change of shading cue. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2003.07.012

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG TOKYO  

In the present study, we examined whether infant Japanese macaques categorize objects without any training, using a similar technique also used with human infants (the paired-preference method). During the familiarization phase, subjects were presented twice with two pairs of different objects from one global-level category. During the test phase, they were presented twice with a pair consisting of a novel familiar-category object and a novel global-level category object. The subjects were tested with three global-level categories (animal, furniture, and vehicle). It was found that they showed significant novelty preferences as a whole, indicating that they processed similarities between familiarization objects and novel familiar-category objects. These results suggest that subjects responded distinctively to objects without training, indicating the possibility that infant macaques possess the capacity for categorization.

DOI： 10.1007/s10329-003-0053-9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：7  

We used a preferential looking technique to investigate the effect of support ratio (a ratio of the physically specified contours to the total edge length) on the perception of Kanizsa illusory contours in infants aged 3-8 months. Previous work has shown that for adult observers the illusory-contour strength increases proportionally with the support ratio. When the support ratio was relatively high (66%), infants preferred illusory contours to non-illusory figures by 3-4 months of age (experiment 1). In contrast, only infants 7-8 months old showed this preference for illusory contours when the support ratio was reduced to 37% (experiment 3). Further, infants showed no preference for an outline version of the illusory-contour figure, which produced no illusory contours (experiment 2). This result confirms that the infants' preference reflects their perception of illusory contours. Our results show that (i) illusory-contour perception emerges at around 3-4 months of age, but (ii) that this ability is very limited until around 7-8 months of age.

DOI： 10.1068/p5129

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：3  

We investigated 3-8-month-olds' (N=62) perception of illusory contours in a Kanizsa figure by using a preferential looking technique. Previous studies suggest that this ability develops around 8 months of age. However, we hypothesized that even 3-4-month-olds could perceive illusory contours in a moving figure. To check our hypothesis, we created an illusory contour figure in which the illusory square underwent lateral movement. By rotating the elements of this figure, we created non-illusory contour figures. We found that: (1) infants preferred moving illusory contours to non-illusory contours by 3-4 months of age, and (2) only 7-8-month-olds preferred static illusory contours. Our findings demonstrate that motion information promotes infants' perception of illusory contours. Our results parallel those reported in the study of partly occluded objects (Kellman &amp
Spelke, 1983 © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0022-0965(03)00126-7

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers  

We examined the asymmetric responses between the detection of motion toward and away from the observer with expanding/contracting shaded circles. Our experiment followed visual search paradigm. In our experiment, targets and distractors were defined by expanding (or contracting) convex/concave circles. Expanding or contracting convex circles can be perceived as spheres moving in depth. However, Expanding or contracting concave circles cannot be perceived as objects moving in depth. Results suggested that the human visual system is more sensitive to expanding convex circles (which create the impression of approaching objects) than others.

DOI： 10.11485/itetr.26.55.0_23

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERCEPTUAL MOTOR SKILLS  

The goal of this study was to ascertain at what age infants could discriminate male and female faces using only the internal features of the face. The habituation-dishabituation technique was used to estimate infants' discrimination between male and female faces. Analysis showed that 8-mo.-old infants discriminated female and male faces, whereas 6-mo.-old infants did not, but showed an asymmetry in discrimination. 6-mo.-old infants who were habituated to the female face fixated consistently longer on the novel male face in test trials, so sex discrimination was complete but not observed after habituation to male faces. Data are discussed in relation to the role of experience in face discrimination.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD  

Japanese male and female undergraduate students judged the gender of a variety of facial images. These images were combinations of the following facial parts: eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, and the face outline (cheek and chin). These parts were extracted from averaged facial images of Japanese males and females aged 18 and 19 years by means of the Facial Image Processing System. The results suggested that, in identifying gender, subjects performed identification on the basis of the eyebrows and the face outline, and both males and females were more likely to identify the faces as those of their own gender. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies, with particular attention paid to the matter of race differences.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本心理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Meeting report  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.86.0_2EV-079-PS

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：診断と治療社  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：発達科学研究教育センター  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2016258175

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：電子情報通信学会  

Zhong et al. (2006) demonstrated that participants preferred cleansing products over neutral products when they merely remembered about their past immoral actions, These results were interpreted that participants preferred cleansing products unconsciously to cleanse themselves from evoked disgust, the opposite from cleanness. In the present study, the authors investigated whether participants preferred cleansing products when participants watched disgust pictures. Participants are divided into the two groups: one group watched disgust pictures (the disgust group), while the others watched comfortable pictures (the control group). After they watched 20 pictures accordingly, they rated the preference of cleansing products and non-cleansing products (Experiment 1), of non-cleansing products and dirty products (Experiment 2) on a 7-point scale. In Experiment 1, the disgust group preferred not only cleansing products but also neutral products. In Experiment 2, the disgust group evaluated both dirty products and neutral products than the control group. This study indicates that individuals who watched disgust pictures evaluate not only cleansing products but also neutral products and even dirty products preferable, which were presented in the different context, suggesting that participant might evaluate any products including "clean" dirty-products in the experimental room.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

DOI： 10.4992/pacjpa.78.0_ss-101

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本小児神経学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本基礎心理学会  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00009351549

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本基礎心理学会  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00009351544

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DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00009351544

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本基礎心理学会  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00009351547

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DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00009351549

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DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00009351547

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychonomic Society  

In this paper we report grant project of Face perception and recognition: multidisciplinary approaching to understanding face processing mechanism. On behalf of the official research project, a Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas, "Face perception and recognition: Multidisciplinary approaching to understanding face processing mechanisms" was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan. This research project had started in 2008 and finished at the end of March 2013. This project involved thirty-nine researchers whose research fields are really multidisciplinary.

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00008989081

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DOI： 10.11477/mf.5001100239

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