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DOI： 10.1111/ens.12358

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Species of the aphid genus Neothoracaphis (Hormaphidinae, Nipponaphidini) produce tiny, sessile, sclerotized apterous adults on leaves of oaks. Among Japanese species, "N. glaucae" has been known to have the largest, ovate apterae, while "N. saramaoensis" has smaller, elongated oval apterae on Quercus glauca. Through examining mitochondrial DNA sequences of Japanese Neothoracaphis species, we found that the two are the same species with a clear dimorphism. Neothoracaphis glaucae (Takahashi) was adopted as the valid name for the species. In Tokyo, Japan, apterae of the smaller type are abundantly seen throughout the year, and those of the larger type are generally few in number from summer to autumn. Alates, which are supposed to be sexuparae, appear from November to January. Nymphs developing into the alates are covered with long, semitransparent, bristle-like wax filaments. We conclude that N. querciphaga, N. elongata, and N. yanonis are distinct species and that both the genus Neothoracaphis and the three Neothoracaphis species other than N. yanonis form monophyletic groups among Japanese Nipponaphidini species we have examined.

DOI： 10.1155/2019/1280414

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Blackwell Publishing  

Dermaphis coccidiformis sp. nov. (Hormaphidinae: Nipponaphidini) is described from Japan. Apterous adults of the species were found between winter buds (or between a winter bud and a leaf petiole) of the evergreen oaks Quercus glauca, Q. myrsinifolia and Q. salicina. Their morphology is peculiar in that their tergites are heavily sclerotized only in the part that seems to have been exposed to sunlight. The new species is also peculiar in that nymphs to be alates (sexuparae) were found on the upper surfaces of leaves of the host oak only during winter, from December to March or early April, before the bud break of the oak. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that the new species is closely related to Dermaphis spp., therefore it was placed in the genus. The analysis incidentally indicated that “Dinipponaphis” autumna, a monoecious species forming galls on Distylium racemosum, was included in the clade of the genus Dermaphis, and therefore it was transferred to this genus.

DOI： 10.1111/ens.12290

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本半翅類学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Hindawi Publishing Corporation  

Aphid nymphs with enlarged fore- and mid-legs were found from woolly colonies of Thoracaphis kashifolia (Hormaphidinae, Nipponaphidini) on leaves of the evergreen Quercus glauca in Japan. It was shown that they grasped an introduced moth larva with their legs and some inserted their stylets deep into the body. These defenders were first-instar nymphs of the alate generation and were produced by aleyrodiform apterae from early September onward. There was a large variation in the size of their forelegs. First-instar nymphs (to be alates) produced early in the season had fore-femorotrochanters shorter than those produced later. The molting rate (the percentage of pharate individuals) of the latter was very low (less than 5% to zero), suggesting their semisterility. Although first-instar nymphs with various lengths of forelegs joined to attack moth larvae, these facts indicate that an incipient caste differentiation occurs within the first-instar nymphs of the alate generation.

DOI： 10.1155/2016/4036571

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Language：English   Publisher：The entomological society of Japan  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Intercontinental biotic disjunctions have been documented and analyzed in numerous Holarctic taxa. Patterns previously synthesized for animals compared to plants suggest that the timing of animal disjunctions are mostly Early Tertiary and were generated by migration and vicariance events occurring in the North Atlantic, while plant disjunctions are mostly Mid-Late Tertiary and imply migration and vicariance over Beringia. Melaphidina aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Fordini) exhibit host-alternating life cycles comprising an obligate seasonal shift between Rims subgenus Rhus species (Anacardiaceae) and mosses (Bryophyta). Similar to their Rhus hosts, melaphidines are distributed disjunctly between Eastern Asia and Eastern North America. We examined evolutionary relationships within Melaphidina to determine the position of the North American lineage, date its divergence from Asian relatives, and compare these results to a previous historical biogeographic study of Rhus. We sampled nine species and three subspecies representing all six genera of Melaphidina. Data included sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II + leucine tRNA, cytochrome b, and nuclear elongation factor la genes. Phylogenetic analyses (Bayesian, maximum-likelihood, parsimony) of the combined data (3282 bp) supported the monophyly of all genera except Nurudea and Schlechtendalia, due to the position of N. ibofushi. While the exact position of the North American Melaphis was not well resolved, there was high support for a derived position within Asian taxa. The divergence of Melaphis from Asian relatives centered on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (similar to 33-35 Ma), which coincides with closure of Beringian Land Bridge I. This also corresponded to the Asian-North American disjunction previously estimated for subgenus Rhus spp. We suggest the late-Eocene Bering Land Bridge as the most likely migration route for Melaphis ancestors, as was also hypothesized for North American Rhus ancestors. Results for the Melaphidina disjunction depart from the modal pattern in animal lineages, and present a case where insect and host-plant taxa apparently responded similarly to Tertiary climate change. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The aphid Ceratovacuna nekoashi and its allied species have been a taxonomically difficult group. They form peculiar "cat's-paw" galls (called "Nekoashi" in Japanese) on Styrax trees and also use Microstegium grasses as their secondary hosts. Through sampling aphids from both Styrax galls and Microstegium grasses in South Korea, Japan and Taiwan, and sequencing their DNA, we made it clear that four distinct species occur in these regions: C. nekoashi (Sasaki), C. oplismeni (Takahashi), C. orientalis (Takahashi) and C. subtropicana sp. nov. In Korea, C. nekoashi forms galls on both S. japonicus and S. obassia, whereas in Japan the species forms galls on the former but not on the latter
our molecular analyses unequivocally indicated the occurrence of a single species in South Korea and mainland Japan. Aphids of the four species on the secondary host were morphologically discriminated from one another. The identity of the primary- and secondary-host generations was also clarified for each species. All four species were found to produce second-instar sterile soldiers in their Styrax galls, and first-instar soldiers were found in colonies of C. subtropicana on the secondary host. © 2013 The Entomological Society of Japan.

DOI： 10.1111/ens.12002

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Language：English  

Species of the aphid tribe Cerataphidini (Hormaphidinae) form galls of various shapes on Styrax trees, their primary host, throughout East and Southeast Asia including tropical rainforests. All known species of the tribe produce second-instar sterile soldiers on the primary host and some also produce first-instar sterile soldiers on the secondary host. Here, we review their complicated life cycles with or without host alternation, the formation process of their remarkable galls (flower-like multiple-cavity galls in particular), and all morphs including soldiers. The life cycles of cerataphidines are basically the same as those of the subfamily Eriosomatinae, but in tropical and subtropical regions their life cycles are not very rigidly tuned to seasonal changes in the climate if any. In addition, cerataphidine galls in these regions last at least several months, or at times even for over one year
thus it often takes longer than one year to complete their life cycles. © 2010 Shigeyuki Aoki and Utako Kurosu.

DOI： 10.1155/2010/380351

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The aphid Nipponaphis monzeni (Hormaphidinae, Nipponaphidini) forms large, hard, completely closed galls on the evergreen Distylium racemosum, its primary host, in south-western Japan. By marking 100 galls on a tree and monitoring them over five years, and by sampling many immature galls from another tree in various seasons and dissecting them, we found that galls of N. monzeni are initiated in June, that they remain small for at least 2122 months and that tiny fundatrices survive for over one year. Some galls rapidly expand during April/May in the third year. Others remain small and swell up in the fourth year and still others in the fifth year. Full-grown galls open in November/December, and alates fly to evergreen oaks, the secondary host. Thus galls of N. monzeni take 2.5 years to mature at earliest (3-year life cycle) and some galls 3.5 or 4.5 years (4- or 5-year life cycle). Copyright © 2009 U. Kurosu and S. Aoki.

DOI： 10.1155/2009/159478

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG  

We investigated ecological and behavioral aspects of the interactions between two social aphids, Pseudoregma bambucicola and Astegopteryx bambucifoliae (Hormaphidinae, Cerataphidini), both of which produce second-instar, sterile soldiers in galls formed on Styrax suberifolius, in Taiwan. By censusing their galls, either species was found to invade galls of the other species. Twenty-eight (58%) out of 48 A. bambucifoliae galls contained P. bambucicola, while four (6%) of 69 P. bambucicola galls contained A. bambucifoliae. Furthermore, P. bambucicola behaved like social parasites in galls of A. bambucifoliae. Colonies of P. bambucicola produced much fewer or even no soldiers compared with those in natal galls. Our experiments also revealed that individual aphids of P. bambucicola more successfully intruded into galls of A. bambucifoliae than into conspecific galls, and that guarding soldiers of P. bambucicola effectively prevented aphids from invading their galls and permitted only conspecific soldiers to join their colonies. These differences in behavior provide good explanations for the differences in the frequency of invaded galls found between the two species.

DOI： 10.1007/s00040-008-0988-3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACAD SINICA INST ZOOLOGY  

Hitherto unknown fig-shaped galls of a cerataphidine aphid were found on Styrax suberifolius in a mountainous region of Taiwan. The morphology of 1st-instar nymphs deposited by alates that had emerged from the galls accorded well with the morphology of 1st-instar nymphs of Cerataphis bambusifoliae on bamboo. The mitochondrial DNA sequences from the gall and bamboo aphids also supported the identity of the 2 generations. The gall-living aphids are therefore considered to be the primary host generation of C. bambusifoliae, and a description of the alates, apterous adults, and the 1st-instar nymphs is given. We also revealed that, like other cerataphidines, C. bambusifoliae produces many 2nd-instar, sterile soldiers in their galls. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/47.2/191.pdf.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：UNIV ARIZONA  

Pseudoregma baenzigeri, sp. nov., is described from northern Thailand. This species forms dense, huge colonies on shoots of the bamboo Dendrocalamus sp., and produces many first-instar, pseudoscorpion-like soldiers., Alate sexuparae were found from the end of September to mid October. Two syrphids, Eupeodes sp. A (allied to E. confrater) and Dideoides chrysotoxoides, and the pyralid Dipha aphidivora were recorded as predators of P. baenzigeri. The aphids were also likely to be eaten by some rodents. The apterous adult, nymphs, soldier and alate sexupara of P. baenzigeri can be distinguished from those of the other congeners by the longer, conical ultimate rostral segment. A tentative key to the species of Pseudoregma living on bamboo is provided.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG  

The social aphid Astegopteryx spinocephala forms a banana-bunch shaped gall, consisting of several subgalls, on Styrax benzoides in northern Thailand. The aphid's life cycle is non-host alternating. Alates (sexuparae) containing both male and female embryos appear near the end of the dry season, when many sexuals and eggs are found in subgalls guarded by sterile soldiers. Our experiments revealed that these alates give birth to almost all (99%) females within the natal subgall before flying but most (73-86 %) males on leaves of the host tree after flying, and that these first-instar males intrude into live subgalls for mating. The fact that some (14-27 %) males are deposited in the natal subgall indicates the occurrence of both outbreeding and inbreeding, or some level of local mate competition (LMC), in this mating system. However, the primary (investment) sex ratio was estimated to be near 0.5. This suggests that factors other than LMC, a candidate for which is local resource competition, might also affect the sex ratio in A. spinocephala.

DOI： 10.1007/s00040-007-0955-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING  

Astegopteryx spinocephala sp. nov., a soldier-producing aphid species forming banana-bunch shaped galls on Styrax benzoides in northern Thailand, is described. We found that galls of the species are formed in approximately June and last for almost 1 year, and that the aphid completes its life cycle without migrating to secondary hosts. Many alate sexuparae appeared in March/April, when many sexuals (arostrate males and rostrate females) and eggs were found in live subgalls guarded by soldiers that plugged the ostiole with their sclerotized, spiny heads. Two healthy galls sampled in April contained 2799 and 2659 eggs, respectively. Many live galls were still found in May, and some at the beginning of June. These galls contained both active soldiers and eggs, some of which had already hatched. This indicates that soldiers of A. spinocephala guard eggs until they hatch in at least some galls.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1479-8289.2006.00165.x

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本半翅類学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG  

The aphid Astegopteryx sp. forms a banana-bunch shaped gall consisting of several subgalls on Styrax benzoides in northern Thailand, and completes its life cycle on the tree, without migrating to secondary hostplants. We found that its soldiers had sclerotic, protruded heads with many spine-like setae, and that several soldiers cooperate to plug the ostiole of the subgall with these heads. Of 173 ostioles examined in the field, 90.8 % were plugged with no space among the guarding soldiers. Many eggs and sexuals were found within subgalls guarded by soldiers, and a number of males were found trying to intrude into these subgalls. However, they were blocked by guarding soldiers, and it was no easy task for them to intrude into subgalls. The same was true for some soldiers that had rushed out of the subgall. Guarding soldiers often prevented outside soldiers from coming back into the subgall. These findings suggest an interesting possibility that guarding soldiers might consequently select still active, reusable soldiers and strong males for sexual females in their subgall.

DOI： 10.1007/s00040-005-0839-4

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Language：English   Publisher：ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING ASIA  

Colonies of a Cerataphis species with well-developed horns were found on the rattan Calamus quinquesstinervis in southern Taiwan. The morphology of first instar nymphs from the colonies accorded well with the morphology of first instar nymphs laid by alates of Cerataphis jamuritsu from galls on Styrax suberifolia, indicating that the rattan aphids are the secondary host generation of C. jamuritsu. Although the aphid colonies were attended by ants, the sharp horns of the first instar nymphs suggest that they might attack predators.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1479-8298.2004.00086.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A number of aphid species produce sterile soldiers that defend their colony-mates against predators. How many soldiers should a colony produce? Assuming logistic growth of the aphid colony, we can theoretically deduce that soldiers will be produced until the marginal defensive efficacy of a soldier diminishes to r(m)/K, a ratio of two exogenous variables of the logistic equation, which are the maximum intrinsic rate of increase and carrying capacity. This conclusion holds true irrespective of the number of founders. As the number of founders increases, the entire colony size becomes larger, thus decreasing the percentage of soldiers. In case of multiple founders, each clone will produce the same number of reproductives that remain on the hostplant. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.05.019

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Language：English   Publisher：Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROYAL SOC  

Insect galls are vulnerable to invasion by moth larvae that can tunnel into the wall. We report that nymphs of the aphid Nipponaphis monzeni repair their gall self-sacrificingly. When a hole was bored into their gall, many globular nymphs discharged a large amount of body fluid from their cornicles onto the gall's wound, and kneaded the fluid, which soon became viscous and eventually congealed, plastering over the hole. Having discharged the fluid, the nymphs shrivelled to approximately one-third of their original volume. Several nymphs were buried in the plaster, like 'aphid sacrifices'. This is the most elaborate social behaviour so far known among aphids.

DOI： 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0026

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Blackwell publishing  

DOI： 10.1046/j.1343-8786.2003.00012.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG  

The number of aphid soldiers in a colony is positively correlated with colony size. This positive correlation has been repeatedly confirmed for the bamboo aphid Pseudoregma bambucicola. To explain this, we present a simple model assuming logistic growth of the aphid colony. The model predicts that a first soldier is more readily produced in large colonies than in small colonies. This is because the productivity of each reproductive decreases as the colony size increases, and also because the efficiency of defense increases as the number of reproductives defended by the soldier increases. The latter effect disappears when the number of reproductives exceeds N-p, the critical number of reproductives that a predator could damage. This argument holds for a second, a third, and an ith soldier in general. Although we assume logistic growth of the aphid colony, the model is applicable to any form of colony growth with minor changes of some premises.

DOI： 10.1007/s00040-003-0675-3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

A conspicuous biogeographic pattern of the Northern Hemisphere is the disjunct occurrence of related taxa on different continents. Perhaps best studied in plants, this pattern includes disjunct distributions of genera in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Such continental disjunctions are thought to be the remnants of a mostly continuously distributed, mixed mesophytic forest dating to the Miocene, which subsequently became fragmented by geological and climatic changes. Some highly host-specific insects, namely aphids, live on descendants of the mixed mesophytic forest taxa and exhibit the same disjunct distributions as that of their host plants. We estimated the phylogeny of Hormaphidini aphids, which host-alternate between witch-hazel (Hamanmelis; an eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct genus) and birch (Betula). Based on partial nuclear elongation factor la and mitochondrial tRNA leucine/cytochrome oxidase II sequences, trees inferred from maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood showed strong support for two monophyletic genera (Hamamelistes and Hormaphis), each containing a clade of Japanese and a clade of North American species. The estimated divergence dates of Asian and North American clades in both genera was 20-30 million years ago, consistent with the idea that aphids may have experienced the same vicariance events as those of their host plants. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00025-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫分類学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：日本半翅類学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Multiple-cavity galls of a cerataphidine species were found on the evergreen Styrax benzoides in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequences between aphids from the galls and aphids of Pseudoregma carolinensis from bamboo revealed that the gall-forming aphids are of P. carolinensis. The colony sizes of mature galls were comparatively small, up to approximately 1, 500 individuals. The galls contained many pseudoscorpion-like 2nd-instar soldiers, which attacked an experimentally introduced moth larva, and which were observed to push globules of honeydew out of the subgall. The life cycle (holocycle) is probably annual, with some aphids remaining on bamboo throughout the year. The gall and alate morph are described.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC  

Large, wax-covered colonies of the North American aphid Grylloprociphilus imbricator (Fitch) are known to last over several months on exposed twigs of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrhart), We hypothesized that the colonies could not persist for such a long period without defense against predators, and found that nymphs of the second generation attacked moth larvae that had been artificially introduced into the aphid colony. Nymphs of all four instars participated in the attack and stung the larvae with their stylets. Of 69 nymphs that attacked the larvae, 36 (52.2%) were 4th instar. Unlike older nymphs of other eriosomatines, wingpadded 4th-instar nymphs of G. imbricator were slender in shape with long legs, and actively walked around on the twig. This is the first report that wingpadded nymphs are the main defenders of an aphid colony.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Aphids of the genus Hamamelistes host-alternate between Hamamelis (the primary host) and Betula (the secondary host). The taxonomy of the Japanese species has been in a mess. Eight different names have been used for them, and no combination between the primary-and secondary-host generations has been established. By sequencing their mitochondrial COII genes, we made it clear that three species occur in Japan : Hamamelistes miyabei (Matsumura) on Hamamelis japonica and Betula maximowicziana, Hamamelistes kagamii (Monzen) on H. japonica and B. grossa, and Hamamelistes betulinus (Horvath) on H. japonica, B. platyphylla, B. davurica and probably also on B. ermanii. The life cycles of the three species are reviewed, and synonyms are listed under the valid names.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

White galls, with conspicuous green excrescences inside, were collected from Styrax paralleloneura in northern Sumatra. Through a transfer experiment we ascertained that the galls were of the ginger aphid Pseudoregma sundanica. The galls and alates are described. We found that the species produces pseudoscorpion-like, 2nd-instar sterile soldiers in the galls. Soldiers attacked artificially introduced syrphid larvae, and also stung human skin with their stylets. On one gall, soldiers attacked 20 conspecific non-soldiers that had been introduced onto the surface, both from the gall itself and from another gall. This is a second instance of attack by soldiers upon conspecific aphids.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

No gall of the aphid Colophina clematicola has hitherto been found despite the fact that its woolly colonies are rather commonly found on the secondary host, Clematis terniflora, in Japan. We collected sexuparae of the aphid from the secondary host in autumn and transferred them to a potted tree of Zelkova serrata. Several leaf-rolled galls were formed in the following year, and one of them produced alate emigrants in September. The number of male embryos in each sexupara was not constant, as was predicted from the bad-gene hypothesis. First-instar nymphs of the gall generation attacked a maggot that had been introduced onto the surface of a gall. The gall generation of C. clematicola are described.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Ceratovacuna cerbera n. sp., a woolly aphid producing pseudoscorpion-like 1st-instar soldiers in its colonies on Sasa spp., is described from Japan and Korea. We found that both the soldiers and "normal" 1st-instar nymphs attacked artificially introduced insect larvae. Three alates were collected in Japan in November. Because they were secondary migrants and not sexuparae, the life cycle is probably anholocyclic in Japan.

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Other Link： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10656255

Language：English   Publisher：日本動物行動学会  

DOI： 10.1007/BF02769287

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Language：English   Publisher：日本半翅類学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：日本半翅類学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本半翅類学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Galls of two tropical aphid species, Astegopteryx styracophila and A. setigera, were collected from Styrax benzoin in northern Sumatra to investigate the life cycles, the gall and colony structure and the behavior of their soldiers. Through transfer experiments it was found that A. styracophila migrates to gingers and possibly also to palms and A. setigera to bamboos. The name A. muiri is a junior synonym of the valid name A. styracophila, and A. setigera is a junior synonym of A. pallida. Soldiers of either species that had been induced to appear on the gall surface soon retreated into subgalls through ostioles. The apical wall of each subgall of A. styracophila was extremely thickened to form a "cork stopper" with narrow tunnels. This structure has probably evolved in association with their "entrance-guarding and rushing-out" tactics.

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Language：English   Publisher：日本半翅類学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Of five cerataphidines that form galls on Styrax suberifolia in Taiwan, "Astegopteryx" jamuritsu is the only species whose life cycle and taxonomic position remain unclear. We found three mature galls of the species in southeastern Taiwan. The galls were very hard and of single-cavity type. Examination of the morphology of 1st-instar nymphs deposited by alates revealed that the life cycle is host-alternating, and that the species belongs to the genus Cerataphis. The aphids were found to harbor slender yeast-like symbionts, like other genuine Cerataphis species. It has been hypothesized that the species produces soldiers that readily fall off their gall when disturbed. We found numerous 2nd-instar soldiers in the galls, but they did not readily fall off the galls. Keys to the five species based on the 2nd-instar soldier and the mature gall are given.

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Language：English   Publisher：Universidad de Leon(Secretariado de Publicaciones)  

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Language：English   Publisher：Universidad de Leon(Secretariado de Publicaciones)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Ramified galls of "Astegopteryx" vandermeermohri (Aphididae, Hormaphidinae, Cerataphidini) were collected from Styrax serrulata in Sumatra to investigate the life cycle and social behavior of the aphids, and the gall structure. The galls were of single-cavity type. It was found that the species produces 2nd-instar sterile soldiers which sting human skin and cause troublesome irritation. The colony size of one gall was estimated to be 94, 000, of which 45.6% were soldiers. Soldiers readily fell off this gall, but not from other two galls containing fewer aphids. The species was transferred to the genus Cerataphis based on the morphology of lst-instar nymphs deposited by alates.

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Language：English   Publisher：日本半翅類学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD  

Aphid taxonomy is often frustrated by the host alternation and extensive polyphenism displayed by many species. Here we examine the utility of using molecular data to assist in life cycle and taxonomic determination. We found that a relatively small amount of DNA sequence data can greatly assist in these tasks. Molecular data have identified the synonymy of five species: Tuberaphis plicator (Noordam) is a junior synonym of T.takenouchii (Takahashi), T.taiwana (Takahashi) is a junior synonym of T.coreana Takahashi, Hamiltonaphis styraci (Matsumura) is transferred to Tuberaphis Takahashi, Astegopteryx roepkei Hille Ris Lambers is transferred to Ceratoglyphina van der Goot, and A.vandermeermohri Hille Ris Lambers is transferred to Cerataphis Lichtenstein. We have elucidated the complete life cycles of five species: A.basalis (van der Goot) alternates between Styrax benzoin and bamboos, Ceratoglyphina bambusae van der Goot alternates between S.benzoin and bamboos, Pseudoregma sundanica (van der Goot) alternates between S.paralleloneura and Zingiberaceae, T.coreana alternates between S.formosana and Loranthaceae, and T.takenouchii alternates between S.japonica and Loranthaceae. Tn all cases the molecular data agreed with available morphological data. This analysis demonstrates the utility of DNA sequence comparisons for elucidating complex life cycles and the taxonomy of difficult insect groups.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER VERLAG  

DOI： 10.1007/s001140050346

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Galls of the aphid Thecabius populimonilis were sampled from cottonwoods in Colorado, Utah and Arizona to investigate its life cycles. Both a monoecious and a heteroecious series of generations were found to occur in Colorado. First-instar nymphs deposited by emigrants were very similar to those of the sexuparous generation produced on the primary host, especially in having a characteristic set of wax plates on the abdominal tergites. This corroborated the generation-packing hypothesis that the monoecious series of generations was secondarily derived from the heteroecious series through the packing of the sexuparous generation into the gall. Further studies will be necessary to determine whether aphids exhibiting the two life cycles belong to the same or different species.

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Other Link： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10655039

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Defensive behavior of the aphid Epipemphigus niisimae was observed. Gall-living nymphs of any instar attacked artificially introduced insect larvae, but the main defenders were 1st-instar nymphs, as expected from their morphology. Some non-1st-instar nymphs showed back-scratching behavior in the gall. Through a transfer experiment, Impatiens nolitangere was found to be a secondary host of E. niisimae.

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Alates of Cerataphis bambusifoliae were collected from bamboo in Taiwan to determine whether they were sexuparae or secondary migrants. A microscopic examination of sectioned alates revealed that they were sexuparae. Symbiotic microorganisms were not found in male embryos. First-instar sexuales had a rostrum with the long, slender ultimate segment. The function of the slender segment remains to be explained.

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Other Link： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10655133

Language：English   Publisher：JAPAN ETHOL SOC  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

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Other Link： https://projects.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=251315

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Galls of the tropical aphid "Astegopteryx" leeuweni were collected from Styrax serrulata in Sumatra to investigate its life cycle, gall structure, soldier production and symbionts. The galls were of a single-cell type, and found at the position of a flower bud. The examination of alates and wingpadded nymphs revealed that the life cycle is monoecious with sex. Because the aphids contained round yeast-like symbionts, the species was transferred to the genus Tuberaphis. Many soldier-like 2nd-instar nymphs were found in the galls, but they did not attack artificially introduced insects. The function of the nymphs is briefly discussed.

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Language：English   Publisher：日本昆虫分類学会  

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publisher：日本鞘翅学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD LONDON  

We describe the life cycle and general biology of the tropical cerataphidine aphid Cerataphis fransseni. We demonstrate that this aphid migrates between trees of Styrax benzoin and various species of palms; palm-feeding populations have previously been known as C. variabilis and C. palmae, which now become synonyms of C. fransseni. On S. benzoin the fundatrix induces a relatively simple gall which can contain >6000 aphids at maturity with a large number of reproductively sterile soldiers that protect the gall from predators. These galls are apparently produced throughout the year. Colonies on the secondary host plants, palms, are apparently obligately tended by ants whereas colonies within galls on Styrax are never tended by ants. We discuss the life cycle of this tropical aphid with respect to hypotheses for the evolution and maintenance of host alternation.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ZOOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

We collected more than 40 species of aphids of Cerataphidini and related groups, which cover all the Cerataphidini genera ever described, and examined their symbiotic system histochemically. The Cerataphidini aphids were divided into two groups in terms of their symbiotic system; species with prokaryotic intracellular symbionts in mycetocytes which are typical of Aphididae species in general, and those with yeast-like extracellular symbionts in the hemocoel and fat body which are quite exceptional in Aphididae. The species with yeast-like symbionts, 12 out of 39 species examined, were further divided into three groups in terms of morphology of their symbionts. This division based on the symbionts coincided well with the division of genera based on morphology of the insects, with the only exception of ''Cerataphis'' bamfusifoliae. We postulate that harboring the yeast-like symbiont is an apomorphic state, and evolved only once in Cerataphidini. It is also pointed out that the galls of Cerataphidini aphids fall into two types, single-cavity galls and multiple-cavity galls, based on the basic plan and structure. The multiple-cavity gall was considered to be apomorphic and of a single origin in Cerataphidini. Thus, the tribe Cerataphidini is constituted by two major monophyletic groups, one characterized by yeast-like symbionts and the other by multiple-cavity galls. A phylogenetic hypothesis on the evolutionary history of Cerataphidini is proposed. Also we discuss a possible origin and function of the yeast-like symbiont, taxonomic treatment of problematic taxa in Cerataphidini, and the effects of acquisition of novel symbionts on the evolution of host aphids.

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Gall formation of Ceratovacuna japonica was studied on the snowbell trees in Nagoya. It was found that the fundatrix transforms an axillary bud into its banana-bundle-shaped gall. A few outsiders appeared in the course of the gall formation. Many 2nd-instar sterile soldiers were produced in the gall. Outsiders known from other cerataphidines are reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that the evolution of 2nd-instar soldiers preceded that of outsiders in the history of the tribe Cerataphidini.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Secondary-host generations of "Astegopteryx" takenouchii were found from plants of Loranthaceae in Taiwan and Sumatra. Because of its association with Loranthaceae and possession of yeast-like symbionts, the species was transferred to the genus Tuberaphis. It was found that 1st-instar nymphs of T. takenouchii in galls on mistletoes attack other insects.

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Other Link： https://projects.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=251197

Language：English   Publisher：BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG  

The gall-forming aphid Cerataphis fransseni produces soldiers that defend against predators. Soldiers are produced soon after colony foundation and the number of soldiers increases non-linearly during colony growth. The number of soldiers scales to the square-root of the number of non-soldiers and linearly to the surface area of the gall. This suggests that soldiers are produced to defend an area, for example the perimeter of the colony or the surface of the gall, rather than individual aphids.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

The new genus Hamiltonaphis (Aphididae, Hormaphidinae) is erected to accept a gall-forming, monoecious cerataphidine, Astegopteryx styraci MATSUMURA, 1917.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Galls of Astegopteryx swinhoei were rediscovered from Styrax suberifolia in Taiwan. It is proposed that A. swinhoei TAKAHASHI, 1936, is conspecific with Pseudoregma bambucicola (TAKAHASHI, 1921), which is known to produce 1st-instar soldiers on bamboo. It was found that this species produces 2nd-instar soldiers in the gall. Galls and 1st-instar exules deposited by emigrants are described. The life cycle in Taiwan is briefly reviewed, and that in southern Japan is discussed in relation to the production of soldiers and sexuparae.

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Other Link： https://projects.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=250823

Language：English   Publisher：日本半翅類学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Ceratoglyphina bambusae is the only aphid species whose soldiers are known to attack conspecifics. In a previous experiment carried out in September, when alates were not yet produced, soldiers attacked any insect but conspecific soldiers placed on the surface of their gall. The experiment was repeated on the same gall in December, when many alates were emerging : soldiers attacked virtually no conspecific aphid, so that alates took off without trouble. In another experiment carried out in June on a younger gall with fewer soldiers, not all but some non-soldiers were attacked. C. bambusae probably changes its tactics between September and December. It is suggested that even in September there are some galls whose defense against conspecific non-soldiers is by no means complete.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Egg guarding behavior in the whitefly Neomaskellia bergii was observed in Taiwan. None of 10 guarding females flew or walked away when tapped with a pin. They instead opened their wings and lifted their abdomens. Five out of 7 guarding females were found still guarding their eggs at the same positions 4 days after being marked. The 5 females added eggs to their egg masses. Two of them rotated in a 180° arc with their stylets inserted in the same position and laid another egg mass. Anoplolepis ants were found attending immatures and guarding females for honeydew. It is suggested that the female whitefly not only attracts ants but also guards her eggs from predation by ants because eggs cannot produce honeydew.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN ETHOL SOC  

Gall-cleaning behavior of the aphid Hormaphis betulae is described. Honeydew is pushed out of the gall resembling toothpaste appearing out of a tube. Immatures of all instars were observed pushing out honeydew, although 88% of the laborers were 1st instar. No aphids attacked other insects placed in the gall. It is suggested that labor has evolved without accompanying defense behavior against predators in the tribe Hormaphidini.

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Language：English   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD  

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Language：English   Publisher：Kyoto Entomological Society  

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Language：English   Publisher：信州昆虫学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The University of Chicago  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Astegopteryx bambucifoliae (Hormaphidinae, Cerataphidini) migrates between Styrax suberifolia and bamboos in Taiwan. The following facts about its gall formation and gall inhabitants were obtained : 1) the banana-bundle-shaped gall of this species is initiated on the stem of a developing shoot of S. suberifolia in May ; 2) 1st-instar aphids of the 2nd generation play a defensive role, but, unlike those of Ceratovacuna nekoashi, they all have the opportunity to enter subgalls ; and 3) many 2nd-instar soldiers are produced in mature galls. Four out of 821 soldiers examined had the next instar cuticle developing inside. Such soldiers have hitherto been unknown among cerataphidines. The entire life cycle is briefly reviewed.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Host-alternating species of the genus Pemphigus usually produce no apterae in their galls. An aptera, which may have been produced through a mutation, was found from a gall of Pemphigus dorocola. Some of its offspring (3rd-and 4th-instar immatures) had characters of the root generations or intermediate characters between the gall and root generations. These abnormal aphids are described, and their implication for the origin of monoecious life cycles is discussed.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

The discovery of incipient galls of Ceratoglyphina bambusae revealed that 1) the gall is initiated by a single fundatrix, who does not enter any subgall but lives in a pocket formed at the base of the gall, that 2) some of her 1st-instar offspring defend their gall outside, and that 3) soldiers are already produced in the 3rd or 4th generation. The aphids in a gall belong to a single clone provided that intergall migration does not occur.

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Other Link： https://projects.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=250702

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

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Other Link： https://projects.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=250691

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

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Other Link： https://projects.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=250618

Language：English   Publisher：JAPAN ETHOL SOC  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

The formation of the "cat's-paw" gall on Styrax japonica by Ceratovacuna nekoashi is described. The 1st-instar fundatrix attacks an axillary bud (not a terminal bud) of a shoot and the attacked bud soon sprouts to form a cat's-paw. First-instar fundatrices often fight each other for an incipient gall ; this fighting behavior is also described. Daily mapping of buds and galls on shoots showed that only newly-formed axillary buds are available for gall formation. It is suggested that the fighting between fundatrices is the result of competition for these ephemeral resources.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Sexuparae of the heteroecious aphid Ceratovacuna nekoashi (Hormaphidinae, Cerataphidini) deposit sexuales on leaves of Styrax japonica. It was found that these 1st instar sexuales move to branches soon after birth without molting. Many sexuparae were confined in a plastic jar with pieces of tough snowbell bark. Later, copulating sexuales and eggs were found between the pieces. These facts show that sexuales of C. nekoashi do not take food at all.

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Other Link： https://projects.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=250566

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AKADEMIAI KIADO  

Astegopteryx bambucifoliae (Takahashi) and Ceratoglyphina bambusae van der Goot form galls on Styrax suberifolia in Taiwan. In 1987 and 1988, 4 galls showing mixed characters of the 2 species' galls were found at Sun Moon Lake. They contained living aphids of both species or only of C. bambusae. A close examination of their structure and inhabitants revealed that these galls were initially formed by A. bambucifoliae and later invaded and transformed by C. bambusae.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AKADEMIAI KIADO  

The cerataphidine Astegopteryx styraci Matsumura forms large, coral-like galls on a temperature deciduous tree, Styrax obassia, and produces many 2nd-instar soldiers there. It was found that its galls are biennial. The fundatrix appears in May and causes a small, closed gall on a shoot (twig-to-be) of the storax. The gall grows a little before the onset of winter and may have an ostiole or two, but no alates are produced. Apterae, larvae and soldiers overwinter within the gall. The overwintered gall begins growing again in April. The gall reaches its full size in summer, and alate sexuparae are produced from August of the second year onward.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

It was observed that 1st-instar aphids of Astegopteryx bambucifoliae attacked eggs of an insect, pupae of a scymnine and an adult cecidomyiid on bamboo leaves in Taiwan. Unlike other cerataphidine defenders that have hitherto been reported, they used their stylets, not their horns, in the attacks.

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Language：English   Publisher：Kyoto Entomological Society  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

The generation-packing hypothesis to explain the origin of monoecious life cycles in Pemphigus predicts that 1st-instar aphids deposited by alate emigrants of heteroecious Pemphigus species have the potential to grow in the poplar gall. To see whether this prediction is true of P. matsumurai, its galls parasitized by an aphidiid species were examined in early August. Emigrants were forced to larviposit in these unopened galls, and one 2nd-instar aphid of the 3rd generation (a root generation) was found in one of them.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Astegopteryx styraci forms large coral-like galls on twigs of Styrax obassia. The following facts about its biology were obtained : 1) A. styraci is monoecious on the storax. 2) It produces sterile 2nd-instar soldiers. 3) The soldiers not only defend their colony, but also push honey globules and exuviae out of the gall with their heads. Thus, this species is unquestionably "eusocial" even if we adopt a strict definition of the word.

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Language：English   Publisher：Japanese Journal of Entomology The Aphidological Society of India  

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Language：English   Publisher：Kyoto Entomological Society  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER JAPAN KK  

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Language：English   Publisher：JAPAN ETHOL SOC  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

How the monoecious or non-migratory life cycle of Pemphigus monophagus has evolved was explained by the "generation-packing" hypothesis, namely : in the migratory ancestor of this species, a mutation that caused emigrants to larviposit in the gall occurred and was fixed ; later, the "emigrants" lost their wings and eventually became apterae. The following predictions from this hypothesis were found to be true : 1) Three generations occur in the gall. 2) Apterous adults show vestiges of the emigrant. 3) Larvae produced in the gall are dimorphic, and the larvae that grow into sexuparae resemble those of migratory species produced on the secondary host.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

Using their stylets, monomorphic 1st instar larvae of Colophina clematicola attacked lepidopterous and syrphid larvae which had been artificially placed on their colony on Clematis terniflora. They also attacked syrphid eggs and another aphid species, Myzus varians, under natural conditions. The origin of Colophina soldiers is briefly discussed.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPB Academic Publ., The Hague  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN ETHOL SOC  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer-Verlag  

Butting behavior of a bamboo horned aphid, Astegopteryx bambucifoliae, is described. A walking aphid becomes an attacker, who butts, with its frontal horns, a stationary aphid inserting the stylets in the plant tissue. An attacker usually butts up a sufferer without clasping it at first, and then clasps the sufferer with the forelegs and butts it. When butted up, the sufferer lowers the attacked side, or it rotates, keeping the stylets in the plant tissue, so as to face toward the attacker. When clasped and butted from the front, the sufferer raises its abdoment at an angle of 30-90°. Often, the sufferer's abdomen is raised at an angle of more than 90°, with the tip bent forward, so that the hindlegs are detached from the plant surface
the sufferer pushes the attacker's head with its back. The butting results in either that the attacker ceases butting and goes away, or that the attacker drives the sufferer away. Having succeeded in driving a sufferer away, the attacker probes, with its rostrum, about the place where the sufferer's mouthparts were located. Thereafter, the attacker usually starts feeding there. © 1985 Japan Ethological Society.

DOI： 10.1007/BF02350297

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer-Verlag  

Males of Trichogramma sp., a gregarious parasitoid which attacks eggs of the yellow-legged tussock moth Ivela auripes (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), are polymorphic for wings. In mating within host eggs, no difference in mating success was observed between winged (large) males and wingless (small) males, whereas in mating outside eggs, the former were superior to the latter. Some wingless males were observed to perform sneaking copulation on egg masses. In the 1-male brood, which is thought to be founded by 1 mother wasp, the male size tended to decrease as the number of females per brood increased. But in the 2-male brood, which is assumed to be added with 1 more smaller male produced by the second mother wasp in double parasitism, the larger male did not reduce his size, compared with the male of the 1-male brood with an equal number of females. This phenomenon can be explained reasonably by a version of the kin-selection theory: When there is only 1 male in a host egg, he transfers resources in the egg to his sister females, but, when another male appears, he decides to act to the females less altruistically. © 1985 Japan Ethological Society.

DOI： 10.1007/BF02348161

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本昆虫学会  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：農文協  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：ニューサイエンス社  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京動物公園協会  

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