Grant amount： \15080000 （ Direct Cost: \11600000 、 Indirect Cost： \3480000 ）

This study evolved from our idea of constructing a "codevelopment" system for the 21st century against the tide of globalization in which the problems of exclusion are increasingly frequent. It seeks to clarify the ways in which "wisdom for codevelopment" is lived and embodied in "frontier" territories in Europe, which themselves try to coexist while conflicting, merging, amalgamating, and intertwining with one another. Under such objectives, we conducted research and interviews in certain areas, regarding the autonomy and independence of such local areas, the global inter-cooperation among the communities, and the composite/complex/hybrid identities of the community residents, while employing such key concepts as "metamorphosis of the liminal territories."

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Grant amount： \13500000 （ Direct Cost: \13500000 ）

(1) This study evolves from our ideas of constructing the 21st century "codevelopment" system, against the increasingly frequent problems of exclusion in the tide of globalization. It seeks to clarify the modes of "wisdom" lived and embodied, for "codevelopment," in "frontier" areas in Europe, which coexist with while conflicting, merging, amalgamating, and intertwining with one another. Under such objectives, we conducted research and interviews in certain areas, regarding the autonomy and independence of local areas, global inter-cooperation among communities, and composite/complex/hybrid identities of community residents, using such key concepts as "codevelopment" and "socio-cultural islands."
(2) As a result of our series of research in Aland, Sardegna, Venezia Giulia, Istra (borderland among Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia), we have come up with a key concept of "metamorphosis of liminality/borderland (confine, cumfinis)."
(3) The concept of "liminality/borderland (confine, cumfinis)" here not only includes actual borders among countries but also suggests minute, "internal" borders such as cultural borders and mental borders. For example, Slovenian residents in Trieste who are mentally challenged are "those who embody and live with various levels of liminality," and Istra, Sardegna, and Aland are areas that are composed of "those who live liminal lives" in that they hold varieties of particular historical and social contexts. It has been our recognition that the wisdom accumulated in such local communities could significantly contribute to constructing "codevelopment" system.
(4) Through this comparative area study, we have come to recognize the various different modes of conflict, compound, intertwining, and interweave, which are found to be particular to each community and family, and their diverse ways of responding toward such "encounters." Upon recognizing this, we have come to see it as our new research task to answer the following questions, concerning people who live in border areas, in which the shifts in national borders, the mobility of people, and the "merging, intertwining, and interweaving" of cultures take place, and who live in "borderlands" such as islands that are open to sea: What socio-cultural conflicts do those residents face? How do they respond to such conflicts? How do they metamorphose themselves in their processes of responding? To answer such questions, we need to further investigate and refine our theories regarding "liminality/borderland (confine, cumfinis)."

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Grant type：Competitive

This research project is aimed at contributing to the development of the comparative anlalyses of the axes of cleavages concerning the social and economic policies in affluent democracies, especially in France, in the 1990s.
The investigator applied the model of the new politics of Welfare State restructuing, proposed by Paul Pierson, to the political process of French welfare state reform in the 1980s and 1990s. According to Pierson, the politics of retrenchment is very different from the old politics, the politics of the welfare expansion. Among the continental welfare states, it seemed to be difficult to restructure French welfare state. In the 1990s, however, one could find that the landscape of French welfare state has been defrosted and the important innovations of the welfare system have launched. Institutions of French welfare system structured these innovations, which are not only the result of the constellation of the economic and societal problems, the conflicts of various socio-economic actors and their policy programmes, but also the conditions of the formation of the new cleavages concerning the social and economic policies. Despite support for the old politics hypothesis in the 1980s, the evidence shows that the new politics perspectives can explain more the political process of the French welfare state restructuring in the 1990s.
In contrast to many prevailing accounts, this comparative and specific country (France) analyses demontrate that the globalization and European integration have not produced the convergence of national social and economic policies, whereas one could not ignore the impact of the globalization and European integration on the changes of the welfare states and social contract in the post-world-war era. But the experiences of the Lisbon strategy, launched by the EU in March 2000 in order to make the European economy more competitive, rebuild the social inclusion and improve the European governance, shows that the relation between the European integration and the national politics is so complicated that national reallocation could be identified with de-Europeanisation of social and economic policies. We must examine the dynamics of the divergence and the convergence at national, regional and global level.

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Grant type：Competitive

Grant amount： \22100000 （ Direct Cost: \18500000 、 Indirect Cost： \3600000 ）

Okinawa holds 75% of all U.S. military bases in Japan. The movement demanding the restoration of land occupied by military bases to Okinawa arose spontaneously and violently from among the Okinawa people in the half of 1990s. In 1996 Japan-U.S. Special Action Committee on Okinawa (SACO) offered the report which promise the restoration of 11 base in 5~7 years. The Okinawa prefectural administration also accepted it However, the restoration of bases are under the condition that they are to transfer to other places of Okinawa. The movement against transfer of bases in the places where bases move has being obstacle to the transfer of bases. The restoration of bases are extremely delayed though it has gone by 8 years after SACO proposal.
On the other hand, Japanese government has carried out various measures to achieve economic promotion of Okinawa where income of a person is 70% compared with the inland Japan. Special legislation for that was done. The base problems and the promotion plan became to be linked. Enormous amount of national capital was thrown to Okinawa. This contributed to make Okinawa public opinion against bases quiet.
The most important obstacles of the implementation of SACO agreement are as follows. (1)Numerous American army's crimes and damage brought about by army's maneuver. (2)"The status of Forces Agreement between Japan and the U.S.". which includes various unequality between Japan and U.S. (3)The pollution and the destruction of environment brought about by bases. 2 4 1 (4)The reorganization of U.S. bases under a new international situation and the reinforcement of the base function.
In the past, Okinawa expected the assistance of Japanese government to secure economic development. But now, Okinawa is seeking the development by self-reliance through locating herself in the international network of Asia.

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Grant type：Competitive

Grant amount： \21800000 （ Direct Cost: \21800000 ）

The main findings, which were obtained from the interviews with 45 japanese intellectuals in 1997, are in the followings ;
1) The understandings toward the world society or global society are realizing among them.
2) Most of them think that the idea of world citizenship is spreading mainly in the younger generation and also place their hope on the activities of NGO, NPO and volunteers. However, they don't agree that the idea is maturing in Japan now.
The main findings, which were given from the opinion poll of Tokyo and Osakas' citizens in 1998, are in the followings ;
1) The foreign experiences have rapidly spread among citizens in comparison with the opinion poll of 1986. They are inclined to stay a longer period in foreign countries. However, the cultural shocks that are felt by them are not profound. So it could be said that the internationalization of person in Japan is not over the surface prevailing.
2) Among the identities of citizens for four groups (community, nation, class and mankind), the last one has spread a little bit in comparison with 1986 poll. On the contrary, the former two have tended to diminish. Only the third one remains on the same level.
3) concerning the cross-cultural contact, it is filtering into the daily life of citizens but it is not strong yet. On the other side, women and elder generation, who can't follow the rapid change of the world society, are increasing.

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